Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Assignment 1 - Essay Example Medical professionals must not only be able to diagnose and treat diseases, but they must also be aware of foods and substances that may be attributed to cultural behavior patterns. Diseases may be transmitted through the consumption of cultural-based foods not found in normal mainstream environments. However, this cultural empathy is not always taught within medical training. Professionals rely so much on their medical expertise that the problems with cultural diversity and cultural awareness are not often understood or applied within a medical environment. In the end, this makes the patient the victim of ignorance and restricts the medical professional’s ability to treat the patient. Furthermore, communication is an important component of cultural diversity and awareness. A patient or research subject must be able to communicate what his or her problems are and the researcher must also be able to ask questions and communicate the treatment methods that are going to occur. Medical administrators must also ask family members and friends specific questions regarding medical history which could come into play regarding research issues and practices. All of this communication is necessary for the treatment and compliance within a research-based institute. Therefore, the need for multi-lingual staff members is crucial, especially in areas where diversity may be the main focus or in geographical areas where diverse demographics may be greater than others. Cultural diversity has impeded the quality of research that can be provided and professionals within the field are only now beginning to understand the impact that culture has on behaviors, treatment and communication . The text illustrates a multitude of dimensions that showcase precisely how important of a role that culture can play on everyday lifestyles. For instance, within the Universal and Culty-Specific Psychological Processes, Matsumoto

Electrolux Case Summary Essay Example for Free

Electrolux Case Summary Essay As the largest domestic products manufacturer in the world, Electrolux has about 70000 employees all around the world in about 150 countries, making 14 billion euros in sales in 2005. However, an acquisition case from its main competitor, Whirlpool, is challenging the ? rst place of Electrolux, at the time Electrolux has just decided to divest its outdoor division. A huge decrease in sales in the following years is expected. Starting from 1920s, Electrolux has been famous for its expertise in industrial design on products such as vacuum cleaner and refrigeration. The products quickly got popular not only in its home country in Sweden, but in other western countries such as Germany, France, USA and UK, due to the homogeneous culture of these countries. A major growth in demand after World War II contributed a lot to its growth. With a large amount of accumulated cash of the past decades, Electrolux decided to expand quickly through a number of acquisitions for more market share and diversi? cation. In late 20th century, Electrolux discovered new markets in developing countries when the market in western countries was already very mature and was even showing a sign of going down. It also went through a phase of restructuring the segmentations of products as well as abandoned some less important activities. Up until 2006, the company has addressed its new strategies mainly on functional level to correspond to the challenges. To maximize the pro? t, the production would be outsourced to developing countries with lower labor costs. More ef? ient logistics has made the globalization more feasible and cost-saving. On the product market level, due to the market polarization, a more distinguishing product segmentation would be applied. While keeping the basic low-price products, Electrolux is launching a series of products with higher prices to satisfy the high-end market. On the other hand, 2% of sales would be put in RD to keep a high rate of new products launches. The supply chain management has always been vital when it comes to consumer goods industry. When Electrolux is outsourcing more of the productions, it is also hifting the strategy of distribution channels. Instead of traditional dealers, big chains with large volume and high geographical coverage are brought up front because of lower serving cost. Above all these, the company keeps making efforts on brand-building by investing at least 2% of the sales every year. With more products are sold under Electrolux’s name, the company is also improving its brand image by stressing more on their culture through internal and external relations among employees, suppliers and retailers, etc.

The Character of Sméagol in Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings Essay

The Character of Smà ©agol in Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings      Ã‚   Although JRR Tolkien is notorious for his numerous, and often seemingly irrelevant, minor characters - the necessity of an index of names in The Return of the King proves this without a doubt - one of the most crucial and fascinating characters of The Lord of the Rings physically appears in barely more than one-sixth of the novel. The character Smà ©agol, often referred to by his alter ego Gollum, on a basic level serves only to guide Frodo and Sam to Mordor, as well as to destroy the Ring when Frodo cannot. However, in the course of doing so, we are revealed, hint by hint, of the enigmatic and contradictory character who "hates the Ring and loves the Ring - just as he hates and loves himself" (Sibley 170). In The Lord of the Rings, JRR Tolkien uses the character Smà ©agol, forged from a collection of historical and historically mythological tales, as a foil for the central hero Frodo Baggins as well as the Christian example of hope, despite the powerful corru ption of evil.    Tolkien, Oxford's Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, was an avid fan of history; the ancient past of his beloved Europe fascinated him to such a degree that it is little wonder the history of Middle-Earth mirrors our own. Smà ©agol's lust for, reverence to, and even fear of the One Ring bases its roots, most especially, in the ancient practice of Dactyliomancy, or the use of rings for divination and magic. In the first century AD, Apollonius of Tyana, a major figure in the Gnostic religion and early alchemy, received seven rings from the Brahman Indian prince Iarchus, which he believed gave him healing powers if he would "[revere] them as divine... and... ...ous power of evil, but the everlasting, and far greater, power of good.    Works Cited Bruner, Kurt, and Jim Ware. Finding God in The Lord of the Rings. Illinois: Tyndale House, Publishers Inc, 2001. 69, 89. Chance, Jane. The Lord of the Rings: The Mythology of Power. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992. 34, 102. Day, David. Tolkien's Ring. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1999. 22-23, 50-51, 88, 154. Sibley, Brian. The Lord of the Rings: The Making of the Movie Trilogy. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. 170, 171. Tolkien, JRR. The Letters of JRR Tolkien. Ed. Humphrey Carpenter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981. 330. - - - . The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. 68, 643, 659, 979. Tyler, JEA. The Tolkien Companion. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976. 446, 454.

Foot Binding

For what reasons and results did mothers bind their daughter’s feet in China? History 20I Historical Investigation Word Count: 2,000 Julie Diep April 1, 2012 A. Introduction In contrast to a physically disabled child’s question of â€Å"Why me? † left unanswered, the traditional Chinese had a cruel yet straight forward answer of â€Å"Because your childhood is over and it is time to grow into a woman. † Which led to the merciless act of willingly breaking and forcefully binding a girl’s foot at a ripe young age to the length of three inches, no longer than the length of a deck of cards.Woman who were seen inferior to men, were treated as objects exchanged in marriage for business or to tie two families together. They were expected to follow society’s rules, foot binding being one of these rules to increase the value of a female. During the 19th century, â€Å"†¦40–50% of Chinese women had bound feet; for upper class women, the fi gure was almost 100%†¦ † (William Rossi). The Chinese culture encouraged this foot binding process as it was highly desired from ancient China to the 20th century until the establishment of the new Chinese Republic officially banning the process, ceasing it’s use.Mothers considered and inflicted the painful process of foot binding upon their daughters for reasons of marriage, status, and beauty with positive results or death from infection and a life-long physical disability. B. Summary Of The Evidence * The practices of foot binding were described as â€Å"San tsun gin lian,† â€Å"Golden Lotus† or â€Å"Lily†. By the 19th century, 40–50% of Chinese women had bound feet and for upper class women, the figure was almost 100%. * According to historical account, root of foot binding lie in China in the Sung Dynasty (960-1279 A. D. ), during the rule of Emperor Li Yu in China.The ruler's favorite concubine Yao-Niang performed a dance on the tips of her toes atop a golden lotus pedestal. * Another origin is of an Empress who had club-like feet, which became a desirable fashion. * Criteria for a well-bounded foot is three inches in length, a three inch deep clef between the heel and sole and that the appearance of the bounded foot is seen as a dainty extension of the leg. * The elder village women or mother was responsible for initiating and monitoring the binding process. * Foot binding was begun between the ages of two to five before the arch of the foot had a chance to develop fully. Toenails were cut back to prevent in-growth and infection. * Each foot would be soaked in a warm mixture of herbs and animal blood; this was intended aid the process by softening the tissue and bones of the foot to allow manipulation. * All the toes on the foot except for the big toe are broken and folded under the sole. * The broken toes were held tightly against the sole of the foot while the foot was then drawn down straight with the l eg and the arch forcibly broken. * The foot was then bound in place with a 10'x2†³ silk or cotton bandage. The bandages were repeatedly wound, starting at the inside of the foot at the instep, then carried over the toes, under the foot, and round the heel, the freshly broken toes being pressed tightly into the sole of the foot. At each pass around the foot, the binding cloth was tightened, pulling the ball of the foot and the heel ever close together, causing the broken foot to fold at the arch, and pressing the toes underneath. * Each time the feet were unbound, they were washed, the toes carefully checked for injury, and the nails carefully and meticulously trimmed. Immediately after this pedicure, the girl's broken toes were folded back under and the feet were rebound. * Process took approximately two years. * Toenails would often in-grow, becoming infected and causing injuries to the toes. * The tightness of the binding meant that the circulation in the feet was faulty, and the circulation to the toes was almost cut off. * As the girl grew older, the bones would begin to heal, although even after the foot bones had healed they were prone to re-breaking. * Septicemia and gangrene resulted from the bacteria. A 1997 study by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco found that women ages 80 and older with bound feet were more likely to have fallen in the previous year and to need assistance in rising from a sitting position. They also had lower bone density in the hip and spine than women with normal feet, increasing their risk of debilitating fractures. * Foot binding was first practiced among the elite and only in the wealthiest parts of China, which suggests that binding the feet of well-born girls represented their freedom from manual labor and wealth. In politics, a woman was kept from interfering if she was immobile, and a â€Å"kept† woman reflected a powerful man. * Mothers would endure binding their daughters’ fe et as an investment in the future. The more attractive she could make her daughter, the better marriage prospects she had. * A bound foot signified that a woman had achieved womanhood, and served as a mark of her gendered identity. * Small bounded feet were seen as elegant, dainty, beautiful, erotic and a prerequisite for finding a husband. * Foot binding was eventually banned in the 20th century with the rise of the new Republic of China through educational campaigns. C. AnalysisFrom the birth of a baby girl, the status of the family determined whether her feet would be bounded or left untouched. If the family was wealthy and was of elite status, the girl’s feet would be bounded. It represented the freedom the girl had from manual labor, as she would not be able to walk or work in her bounded state, which also maintained family honor and reputation. Bounded feet set the boundary between higher and lower class. The people of lower class needed everyone in the family to work o n the farm and could not afford the luxury to tend to aesthetics or fashion, as bounded feet were seen as dainty, elegant and attractive.The â€Å"Golden Lily† or bounded feet were a desirable fashion among women and signified the transformation of a girl into a woman. The process marked the end of her childhood and the beginning of womanhood, which was important to one’s identity. By not being able to bind their daughter’s feet, it was detrimental to her prospects of marrying into the higher class and raising her social status or having a more prestigious marriage. Zhou Guizhen, survivor of foot binding, 86 years old, states, â€Å"At that time everybody had bound feet. If you didn't, you'd only be able to marry a tribesman from an ethnic minority. The higher class glorified this painful process as aesthetically pleasing and as an investment in the girl’s future marriage. In China pre 19th century, marriage was a crucial part of a woman’s entire life. Woman had the purpose of being a wife and reproducing children. Without marriage, there would be no husband to rely on, children to tend her grave and no prosperity to her family. If a woman did not marry it equated to a life with no meaning. In marriage, wealth, status and physical appearance were crucial. Marriage was a bond between two households or businesses.Thus the mother would increase the value of her daughter by binding her feet to display the wealth, status of the family and the attractiveness of the daughter’s physical appearance. Bounded feet increased marriage prospects and the likeliness for her to marry into another wealthy family, which would benefit her own family in return. They were seen as erotic and as a form of chastity, being the symbol of submission to the husband. An immobile wife would not be able to leave the house and is wholly dependent upon the husband, thus objectifying the woman and reflecting a more dominant man.Bounded feet were only s een as attractive when concealed in the lotus shoes. Some men preferred to never see the bounded feet, so that they were concealed in their shoes as a beautiful mystery. â€Å"If you remove the shoes and bindings, the aesthetic feeling will be destroyed forever. † (Feng Xun). It was understood that the erotic fantasy of bounded feet did not equate to the unpleasant physical reality, which was therefore to he kept hidden. To an extent, foot binding was not considered a form of body mutilation but as a component of female attire or adornment.If done correctly the girl would survive the process, only to live with the physical disability and further risks of medical problems. During the process, despite the meticulous care of trimming the toenails, they would often in-grow causing infections in the toes and feet. The tightness of the bindings would decrease blood circulation to the feet ceasing injuries to heal and gradually worsen to infection or rotting flesh. The girl would be susceptible to infections such as septicemia and gangrene due to the increase of bacteria. The practice of foot binding was not only physically crippling, but it also produced physiological implications.The abdomen would swell, the lumbar vertebra would curve forward and the back would be inflicted with increased muscle stress. This forced the woman to put all her weight on her lower body and pelvis. One’s whole body was deformed as a result from foot binding. Simple acts such as squatting and bending were difficult. Large corns and calluses would appear on the bounded feet and had to be cut off. Instead of walking in a straight line, the woman would have to walk side to side in a swaying motion. As the years passed, the bounded foot would continue growing, but instead of growing longer the foot would grow crooked.This would cause further injuries and deformities to the foot. The toes would curl deeper inwards causing potential infections, which inevitably followed with dise ases. According to a 1997 study by researchers in the University of California found that woman ages 80 and over with bound feet had lower bone density in the hip and spine than a woman with normal feet, suggesting that the bones were prone to re-breaking and fractures. Opposition to the foot binding first began in China during the Qing period (1644 – 1911) with Manchu rule.When foreign missionaries began to gain footholds in China after the Opium war and the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, the new Nationalist government of the Republic of China banned foot binding. The Lotus feet were no longer a symbol of beauty but a symbol of oppression and were seen as a barbaric practice of the old China. Through modern education campaigns, it was explained that the rest of the world did not bind women’s feet and that China was seen as savage, making the nation subject to international ridicule. The advantages of natural unbound feet over bound feet were encouraged.Natural feet societies were formed whose members pledged not to bind their daughter’s feet or allow their sons to marry women with bound feet. These tactics succeeded in eradicating the use of a practice, which has survived for thousands of years. D. Conclusion According to an old saying in China, â€Å"There are a thousand buckets of tears for one who binds her feet. † These woman’s tiny feet sealed their tragic fate all for marriage prospects, status and beauty, ingredients for a good life of a woman in pre-20th China. Only to live with a self inflicted physical disability prone to infections, diseases and medical injuries.With the rise of the 20th century and the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the era of foot binding had been abandoned leaving only fragments of the past that present day society view as a horrific mutilation of the human body. E. Bibliography Dehoff, Elizabeth. â€Å"Foot Binding†, Ask, http://shoes. about. com/od/footwear/qt/foot_binding. htm Farlander . â€Å"Chinese Foot Binding†, h2g2, http://h2g2. com/dna/h2g2/A11558722 Holman, Jeanine. â€Å"Foot Binding†, 2010, http://www. josephrupp. com/history. html Mao, J. â€Å"Foot Binding: Beauty And Torture†, The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology. 008 Volume 1 Number 2 Myfanawy, Evans. †The Painful Tradition of Foot Binding in China†, Pattya Daily News, September 16, 2010, http://www. pattayadailynews. com/en/2010/09/16/the-painful-tradition- of-foot-binding-in-china/ Wikipedia contributors, â€Å"Foot binding†, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Foot_binding&oldid=483989361 1 (accessed March 28, 2012). ——————————————– [ 1 ]. J. Mao, â€Å"Foot Binding: Beauty And Torture†, The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology. 2008 Volume 1 Number 2 [ 2 ].Farlander, â€Å"Chinese Foot Binding†, h2g2, http://h2g2. com/dna/h2g2/A11558722 [ 3 ]. Ibid. [ 4 ]. Myfanawy, Evans. †The Painful Tradition of Foot Binding in China†, Pattya Daily News, September 16, 2010, http://www. pattayadailynews. com/en/2010/09/16/the-painful-tradition-of-foot-binding-in-china/ [ 5 ]. Blood poisoning from bacteria. [ 6 ]. Decomposition of body tissues from bacterial infection. [ 7 ]. Elizabeth Dehoff, â€Å"Foot Binding†, Ask, http://shoes. about. com/od/footwear/qt/foot_binding. htm [ 8 ]. Farlander, â€Å"Chinese Foot Binding†, h2g2, http://h2g2. com/dna/h2g2/A11558722 [ 9 ].Wikipedia contributors, â€Å"Foot binding†, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Foot_binding&oldid=4839893611 (accessed March 28, 2012). [ 10 ]. Farlander, â€Å"Chinese Foot Binding†, h2g2, http://h2g2. com/dna/h2g2/A11558722 [ 11 ]. Wikipedia contributors, â€Å"Foot binding†, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, h ttp://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Foot_binding&oldid=4839893611 (accessed March 28, 2012). [ 12 ]. Blood poisoning from bacteria. [ 13 ]. Decomposition of body tissues from bacterial infection. [ 14 ]. Jeanine Holman, â€Å"Foot Binding†, 2010, http://www. josephrupp. com/history. html

A Central Theme or Motif in the Play Othello, Is Jealousy

Jealousy is the central theme in the play â€Å"Othello† by William Shakespeare. It is the most famous literary work that focuses on the dangers of jealousy. The play is a study of how jealousy can ruin lives – even with only the most circumstantial evidence of guilt. The play opens in Venice and revolves mainly around a man called Othello. It’s his actions and thoughts which makes the play interesting and suspenseful. Themes such as love, jealousy, betrayal, honesty and vengeance are all important and widely portrayed throughout the play.However, as we venture into the play and the character Othello, we will realise that jealousy is ultimately the most important theme of them all. It is the fundamental element that fuels the characters and evidently crafted the play into how it is today. From the beginning of the play, we clearly see the jealousy in Iago. This is seen with his dejection at being passed over for promotion to be Othello's lieutenant. Cassio, the à ¢â‚¬Å"bean counter†, got the job instead of Iago the experienced soldier. He just has to accept his loss. But, of course, he does not, and that becomes the driving force of the play.His strategy of dealing with loss is to strike back with vengeance and deception against Othello, who has humiliated him by passing over him for promotion. He stays close to Othello, acting as his best friend when he is actually deceiving Othello, â€Å"I am not what I am†. He is out to get back at Othello and he does this by creating an evil plan against him. Othello is in love with Desdemona and secretly marries her. He loves her and is willing to do anything for her. However, he is blinded by this love and allows jealousy to ruin their relationship.Jealousy is so destructive and has rendered Othello to become so vulnerable to the evil schemes by Iago. Iago uses Desdemona in his plan, and succeeds greatly. Iago’s plan begins as he openly executes his plan of destruction, which incor porates jealousy as the key factor. He intends to create a strong sense of jealousy in Othello by setting up the mirage of an affair between Desdemona and Cassio. Othello is a simple man. He has never dealt with a situation like this before. As a result, he had very extreme reactions because of his jealousy.However, Othello’s jealousy has not developed and still doubts their affair. Therefore no extreme actions have been committed yet. The quote â€Å"Away at once with love or jealousy! † by Othello allows us to understand that he still has faith in Desdemona and does not believe she is cheating on him. However, Iago continues to feed Othello with rumors of the affair. His persistency and Othello’s vulnerability has caused a rapid development of jealousy in him. By the quote â€Å"I like not that†, we can see that it is the turning point for Othello – he begins to lean towards Iago’s interpretation of the truth.In doing so, Othello falls int o the trap and tells Iago that he wants Cassio and Desdemona dead. His love for Desdemona is so strong and yet jealousy overpowers him. Iago realises that although he does not have proof of the affair, he is still able to cause harm â€Å"As proofs of holy writ: this may do something†. From this we realise how obstinate Othello is. Jealousy has made him lose his ability to reason or think logically. In fact, Iago has been so successful with his plan that he was able to put Othello into a state of madness.He even loses control of his body and Iago explains it as epileptic seizures. At the end of the play, after Othello smothers Desdemona to death, it is brought to his attention that he was set up by Iago. In horror, he realizes his mistake. Just before his suicide, Othello explains that all will have to refer to him as â€Å"one that loved not wisely but too well†. His lack of experience brought upon his ruin. Jealousy is described throughout the play as a monstrous emo tion or more specifically, a â€Å"green-eyed monster†. This becomes increasingly more destructive and intense.However, it’s at the end of the play that Othello commits extreme actions because his jealousy has caused him to believe everything is true. Jealousy here is harnessed as a weapon, a weapon made so lethal because its victim ultimately destroys himself and others around him. It is interesting that Iago uses jealousy against Othello, as jealousy is likely the source of Iago’s hatred in the first place. In Othello, jealousy takes many forms, from sexual suspicion to professional competition, but it is, in all cases, destructive.However, this jealousy was not originally prominent Othello, but was rather developed through Iago’s numerous plans of destruction, which is understood through Othello’s change in personality and actions taken. By studying the text â€Å"Othello† by William Shakespeare, we are able to understand that jealousy is a powerful emotion, one that can destroy relationships, and consume the mind. Whether sexual or platonic, once the seed of jealousy is planted it can lead to devastating consequences, as seen in the play.Jealousy can easily turn into anger, and overwhelm it's victim making them obsessed with the notion. In the play Othello, many of the characters fall victim to jealousy, causing them to commit acts outside of their normal persona. Othello was the victim in the play, and was miserably destroyed by his uncontrollable jealously. Out of all the characters in this play, it’s obvious that jealousy was what ruined Othello. Jealousy had the most profound effect on him and in the end, destroyed his relationship with Desdemona, and himself. In doing so, I believe that jealousy is the central theme in the play.

What are the differences between the Nationalists and the Unionists Essay Example

What are the differences between the Nationalists and the Unionists Essay Example What are the differences between the Nationalists and the Unionists Essay What are the differences between the Nationalists and the Unionists Essay Essay Topic: History There are many differences between the Nationalist and the Unionists but the main focus is their religious beliefs, political parties and their identity, I will be explaining in depth about these points. They both have completely different beliefs but they are both Christians. The nationalists see themselves as Irish and want a republic Ireland they have a very strong, strict religious rules. They have one central religious leader, the Pope in Rome, who decides all the matters of worship for every single Catholic in the world and they dont want a royal family. Unlike the nationalists the unionists consider themselves as British instead of Irish and believe they belong with Britain and giving allegiance to the queen, this is because they didnt want a Pope and the church to have complete control which they though that it had too much influence on Ireland which might lead to laws being changed like stopping divorces, abortions and contraception from happening. Nowadays some of the Irish have accepted that they wont have a united Ireland, but extreme actions have taken place as the real IRA use terrorism to get rid of the British. Only last week the real IRA carried out the gun attack at an Army barracks in Antrim in which two soldiers were killed. They have also been involved in many other incidents causing several deaths. Another difference between them is that the Nationalists and Unionists have political groups. The major Unionist political groups are the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Unionist party, otherwise known as the DUP and UUP. The major Nationalist political groups are the Social and Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) and Sinn Fein. Although both the Unionists and Nationalists have hard-line and moderate views, there are some major differences between them. Firstly, the Nationalist SDLP wants reform in Northern Ireland and believes the Republic should have influence on how Northern Ireland is run; the SDLP has a moderate stance and does not encourage violence in any way, they try to achieve their views in a non violent manner. In contrast to this the UUP believes that political reform is needed, and that the Irish Republic must not be involved in this process; their aim is to defend Northern Irelands union with the United Kingdom. The UUP is the largest political party in Northern Ireland, and most Protestants support it. Secondly, the more hard-line Nationalist political party, Sinn Fein, has much harsher political views. They seek the unification of the 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland and the six counties of Northern Ireland in a democratic-socialist Irish Republic. Sinn Fein believes that the only way to solve Irelands problems is to cut all connections with Britain. Sinn Fein represents Roman Catholics who want to achieve a united Ireland through whatever means are necessary, including violence. The hard-line Unionist political group the DUP is the second largest Unionist party in Northern Ireland, and is co-founded and led by Reverend Ian Paisley. The DUP is supported by most Working Class Protestants in Northern Ireland. The DUP believe that they have to defeat the IRA, which they think will need a huge security force. This group is less aggressive than Sinn Fein, as it does not actively support using violence to accomplish its means; however, it does support paramilitary groups defending against Nationalist paramilitary groups. Both Nationalists and unionists have paramilitary groups; however there are differences between the two. The IRA (Irish Republican Army), up until its recent disarming, used severe violence to achieve its aims. The IRAs aims are the same as Sinn Feins, which is basically the IRAs political wing which was denied by Sinn Fein. The UFFs (Ulster Freedom Fighters) founding aims were to protect Unionists against the IRA; however now the UFF seems more like a revenge group, killing Catholics in return for actions performed by the IRA. The UFF is based on the same principles as the DUP and is used as security. The UDA and UDF (Ulster Defense Association and Ulster Defense Fighters) are similar and have the same views. The most prominent difference between the IRA and UFF, UDA, and UDF is that the IRA indiscriminately terrorized the United Kingdom and Ireland itself with bombs and violence, killing protestants, atheists, Catholics, etc, alike in the United Kingdom and Ireland. An example of this was when the IRA bombed the shopping centre in Manchester, killing many people. In contrast to this, the UFF, UDA, and UDF just respond to Republican violence by killing ordinary Catholics, living in Northern Ireland, for revenge. The point I am trying to emphasize is that the IRA kills indiscriminately to achieve its aims, while the Loyalist paramilitary groups usually kill for revenge, and not indiscriminately. Nationalists and Unionists have different community and social organisations. The Loyal Orange Order, a protestant organisation, organizes marches as a show of solidarity. The Ancient Order of Hibernians, is a similar Catholic organisation, however it has caused less problems, and is not as known. The Orange Order has been known to organize marches down predominately Catholic roads, and areas; this has caused chaos and violence in the past. An example of this was when the Orangemen had violent clashes with Catholics at Drum Cree. There are some fundamental differences between the Nationalist and Unionist. These differences have led to decades of disputes and killings as the people of Ireland have been in conflict over how they should be governed and who by. The opinions of the republic paramilitaries are that they have the right to use armed force against the British forces and the unionist terrorism groups believe that too. Overall which ever community you live in you will have different views on different events. Examples of two events which have many views on are the Partition and Bloody Sunday.

Institutional Accountability Dispersion of Power and Delegation of Responsibilities

Institutional Accountability Dispersion of Power and Delegation of Responsibilities Introduction Governance and accountability is a critical concept to the development of states. Accountability in governance is a vital practice. It encourages effectiveness in discharge of duties and equitable allocation of resources. Accountability in different institutions has a close link with the way power is distributed in organizations. The loci of power in institutions are useful parameters for assessing the level of accountability in the organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Institutional Accountability: Dispersion of Power and Delegation of Responsibilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decentralization of power is highly encouraged in most liberal democracies across the world. Decentralization of power is manifested in a number of managerial practices in institutions like the delegation of the organization’s duties and responsibilities (Brinkerhoff et al. 2009). This paper looks into the aspects of centralization and decentralization of power in different institutions and how these two aspects of governance encourage accountability. In this paper, it is argued that institutions’ accountability is better attained through dispersion of power and the delegation of the organization’s responsibilities rather than through centralization of power and control. Accountable governance in liberal democracies Having mentioned liberal democracies, it is imperative to explain how the distribution of power encourages accountability in such nations. One vital characteristic of liberal democracies in the todays world is the high decentralization of power. Power and ability to make decisions in such countries do not lie in the hands of some individuals. Liberal states decisions are made through consultations between different arms of the government. This means that different arms of the government discuss, consult with each other and deliberate on the issues before the final decision is reached (Ezzamel et al. 2007). Decisions reached through consultation and deliberations are better weighed than those that are made unilaterally. Different bodies which deliberate on the issues and come up with certain suggestions are also involved in the implementation of such decisions (Brinkerhoff et al. 2009). Therefore, there is a low possibility of manipulating decisions in the middle phases of implementation. This encourages checks, ensuring that there is a balance in the implementation process. It is easy to detect anomalies in the implementation of the decisions because of the many observers monitoring the process.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Up to this point, it is imperative to say that liberal democracies encourage institutions’ accountability. Powers are decentralized from the top governance, leaving institutions with no other optio n, but to implement such structures (Mulgan,2003). Having talked about liberal democracies, it is vital to mention autocratic governance. Autocratic governance is the least desired form government in the modern society. Autocracy means the centralization of power. A few individuals are vested with decision making power, leaving other people as mere enforcers of the decisions reached. Channels of deliberating on issues are closed making most people rubber-stamp these decisions. The quality of decisions is put in jeopardy. Therefore, the level of accountability is often low in regimes which do not embrace democracy (Trechsel,2010). Governance and accountability in decentralized institutions Research shows that most people in the world are against the centralized system of governance. There are several reasons for the resentment. One of the strongest reasons is that centralized governance kills institutional accountability through the encouragement of unilateral decision making (Ezzame l et al. 2007). In centralized governance, there is one locus of power. Institutional functions are coordinated from a single point. In some instances, all the powers to make key decisions are left under the control of one individual. The result of this is that one person takes advantage of the power to make certain decisions, which might not be favourable to the whole country/institution (Kaler,2002). A deep look into the modern practices of institutional management shows that most organizations embrace decentralized structure of management. Delegation of authority and responsibility can be traced in a wider range of institutions. This is one form of decentralizing power and encouraging sharing of organizational power and responsibilities. This practice is replicated at almost all levels of governance in countries that embrace democracy. Notable examples can be traced in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia (Curtin, Mair Papadopoulos, 2010).Advertising We will w rite a custom essay sample on Institutional Accountability: Dispersion of Power and Delegation of Responsibilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are the benchmark regions in as far as institution’s accountability is concerned. The question that should be asked is how the decentralization of power and delegation of responsibilities contributes to a higher accountability. Another issue that should be discussed at this point is how the centralization of power and responsibilities kills institutional accountability. These questions can be sufficiently answered by taking a deeper look into institution’s administration from two perspectives centralized and decentralized governance (Schillemanns, 2008). Decentralized institutional governance: its role in bringing about accountability Steets (2010) observed that institutional accountability was often measured by the level at which institutions planed and assigned resources ef fectively in order to get the desired results. Accountability means that employees in an institution embrace ethics in their work (Shearer, 2002). The application of decentralized principles in organizations entails the redistribution of authority in institutions’ management. In such institutions, power is shared among different people. Therefore, decisions are not made by a single authority. Each department is given powers to come up with their own suggestions that may be efficient. Each section of an organization has a head who leads it in coming up with decisions and implementing them using the available resources. Perhaps, one point should be noted here. Decentralized authority does not mean that there is no centre of power. Numerous centres of power exist within an organization. However, each centre of power is given autonomy in a number of duties. This is where the aspect of responsibility starts. Leaders of departments work closely with the organization’s member s. Institutional workers keep close checks on each other and on the overall duties that are assigned to them (Kaler,2002). Organizational tasks are not left in the hands of a few individuals but distributed among other segments of the organization. Leaving the task of decision making to fewer people has numerous consequences on institutions’ administration. One of the effects is that centralization of authority and responsibility causes flooding. Flooding encourages haphazardness in the discharge of institutional duties.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In such situations, it is easy for an institution to attain improved performance. In delegation, institutional responsibilities are assigned to people across the institution in such a way that no person is left with a wide load of work. This exercise depends on the abilities and skills of the institution’s workers. Therefore, it is easy to narrow on a person whenever anomalies occur in the institution. However, anomalies rarely occur because every individual is involved in the institution’s production. Institutions are seen in terms of their ability to serve the society and not in terms of power and dominance (Hood,2010). Power is a minor element in situations where there is a higher delegation of duties and responsibilities. In other words, power is replaced by responsibility. People work hard to accomplish their tasks as they are responsible for any task assigned to them. Most organizations in liberal democracies thrive in the global economy due to high levels of per formance. The highest level of performance comes from the fact that there is a high level of organizational responsibility due to delegation of duties and responsibilities (Steets, 2010). According to Behn (2001), a number of people argue that accountability can still be attained in institutions that have centralized operations. Their argument is that centralization promotes bureaucracy, which in turn encourages accountability in institutions. While there is some weight in the argument, the biggest portion of the argument is refuted. This comes from the numerous study outcomes. Those results show that bureaucracy does not encourage accountability. Most functions in bureaucratic institutions are centralized. Delegation of responsibility is a rare practice in such institutions. Conclusion Institutional accountability is closely associated with decentralized systems of governance. This system of governance is synonymous with liberal democracies. Liberal democracies encourage the decent ralization of power and delegation of administrative responsibility. Most institutions in liberal democracies embrace the democratic principles of management. These principles include delegation of institutional power and responsibilities. This system governance is synonymous with autocratic regimes. In such regimes, institutions’ accountability is quite low due to the failure to enhance delegation of authorities. Institution’s power is also highly centralized. From this discussion, it is imperative to say that there is a close relation between decentralization of institutions’ power and attainment of institutions’ accountability. Reference List Behn, R D 2001, Rethinking democratic accountability, Brookings Inst. Press, Washington, D.C. Brinkerhoff, D W, Johnson, R W, Hill, R, Merrill, S, Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute Army War College (U.S.) 2009, Guide to rebuilding governance in stability operations: A role for the military, Army War College, U.S. Curtin, D, Mair, P Papadopoulos, Y 2010, Accountability and European Governance, Routledge, New York. Ezzamel, M, Robson, K, Stapleton, P McLean, C 2007, ‘Discourse and institutional change: ‘Giving accounts’ and accountability’, Management Accounting Research, vol. 18, no. 2, 150-171. Hood, C 2010, â€Å"Accountability and Transparency: Siamese Twins, Matching Parts, Awkward Couple?†,West European Politics, vol. 33 no. 5, 989-1009. Kaler, J 2002, â€Å"Responsibility, accountability and governance†, Business Ethics: A European Review, vol. 11 no. 4, 327-334. Mulgan, R G 2003, Holding power to account: Accountability in modern democracies, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Schillemanns, T 2008, â€Å"Accountability in the Shadow of Hierarchy: The Horizontal Accountability of Agencies†, Public Organization Review, vol. 8 no. 2, 175-194. Shearer, T 2002, â€Å"Ethics and Accountability: From the For-Itself to the For-the-O ther†, Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 27 no 6, 541-573. Steets, J 2010,Accountability in public policy partnerships, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire. Trechsel, A H 2010, â€Å"Reflexive Accountability and Direct Democracy†, West European Politics, vol. 33 no. 5, 1050–1064.

Why Teaching is Fun

Why Teaching is Fun Full Disclosure: Inspiration can come from anywhere. This morning I was telling my seven-year-old son that I had to write an article. I told him that I did not even know what I was going to write about. He immediately said, â€Å"Why don’t you write about why teaching is fun.† Thank you Kaden for inspiring me! Teaching is fun! If you are a teacher and do not generally agree with that statement, then perhaps it is time for you to find another career choice. I would agree that there are days when fun is not a word I would use to describe my profession. There are times when teaching is frustrating, disappointing, and disheartening. However, generally speaking, it is a fun profession for many reasons. Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because no two days are the same. Each day brings a different challenge and a different outcome. Even after teaching for twenty years, the next day will present something you haven’t seen before.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you get to see those â€Å"light bulb† moments. That is the moment where everything just clicks for a student. It is in these moments that students are able to take the information learned and apply it to real life situations.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you get to explore the world with your students on field trips. It is fun to get out of the classroom from time to time. You get to expose students to environments that they may not otherwise be exposed to.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you are instantly a role model. Your students naturally look up to you. They often hang on your every word. In their eyes, you can do no wrong. You have a tremendous influence on them.Teach ing is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you can see growth and improvement as a result of your time with your students.   It is amazing how much your students will grow from the beginning to the end of the year. Knowing it is a direct result of your hard work is satisfying. Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you get to see students who fall in love with learning.   It does not happen with every student, but for the ones who do it is special.   The sky is the limit for a student who genuinely loves to learn.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you grow, develop, and change as you gain more teaching experience.   Good teachers are constantly tinkering with how they operate their classroom. They are never satisfied with the status quo.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦because you help students set and reach goals. Goal setting is a huge part of a teacher’s job. We not only help students set goals, but we celebrate with them when they reach them.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because it gives the opportunity to have a positive impact on young people on daily basis.   Every day presents an opportunity to make a difference. You never know when something you do or say will make an impact.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you see former students, and they thank you for making a difference.   It is extremely gratifying when you see former students in public, and they share their success stories and give you credit for impacting their life. Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you get to build close relationships with other teachers who share similar experiences and understand the commitment that it takes to be an excellent teacher.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because of a friendly school calendar.   We are routinely discounted for getting summers off when most of us spend time honing our craft during those few months. However, having holidays off and a lengthy transition period between school years is a plus.Teaching is fun..........because you can help recognize, encourage, and cultivate talent.   As teachers recognize when students have talent in areas such as art or music. We are able to steer these talented students towards the gifts they are naturally blessed with.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you see former students grow up and become successful adults.   As a teacher, one of your major goals is to have every student eventually make positive contributions to society. You succeed whe n they succeed.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you are able to work collaboratively with parents for the benefit of the student. It is a beautiful thing when parents and teachers work together throughout the educational process. No one benefits more than the student. Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you invest in improving the culture of your school and can see a significant difference.   Teachers work hard to help other teachers improve. They also work diligently to improve the overall school climate and provide a safe learning environment.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you see your students excel in extracurricular activities.   Extracurricular activities such as athletics play a critical role in schools across America. A sense of pride is developed when your students are successful in these activities.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..because you are given opportunities to reach a child that no one else has been able to reach.   You cannot reach them all, but you always hope that someone else comes along who can.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you have a creative idea for a lesson and the students absolutely love it.   You want to create lessons that become legendary. Lessons that students talk about and look forward to having you in class just to experience them.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when at the end of a rough day and student comes up and gives you hug or tells you how much they appreciate you. A hug from an elementary age or a thank you from an older student can instantly improve your day. Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you have a group of students who want to learn and mesh with your personality.   You can accomplish so much when you and your students are on the same page. Your students will grow exponentially when that is the case.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because it opens up other opportunities to be involved in your community.   Teachers are some of the most recognizable faces in a community.   Being involved in community organizations and projects is rewarding.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when parents recognize the difference you have made in their child and express their gratitude.   Unfortunately, teachers do not often get the recognition for their contributions that they deserve. When a parent expresses gratitude, it makes it worthwhile.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because each student provides a different challenge.   This keeps you on your toes with no chance of being bored. What works for one student or one class m ay or may not work for the next.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you work with a group of teachers whom all have similar personalities and philosophies.   Being surrounded by a group of like-minded teachers makes the job easier and more enjoyable.

Customer service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Customer service - Essay Example The process of launching the company is ongoing and the company is expected to commence its operation towards the end of the year 2015. Its purpose is to bring together like-minded wineries that are sufficiently developing their investments by creating a venue for business custom crush wine manufacturing, on and off premise wine sales and events in the UK that already house flourishing restaurants and nightlife sceneries. The collective will be made up of three wineries, which will operate as the incubator for future wine brands and upcoming industry ideas. The innovative infrastructures and equipment will also feature a tasting bar that has pours and flights from four resident wineries together with their inspirational wines and whisky. It will also provide a cheese platter, featuring Steve’s Cheese. The tasting bar will have the capacity to hold both large and small events, wine release parties and music dinners. Although Flaming Waters is likely to experience high profit as a UK- based organization, the company will, after a year, expand its operations worldwide. Flaming Waters aims at manufacturing and distributing high quality wines and whisky that improve its enjoyment. The organization is also committed to maintain the highest degree of expertise and professionalism, so as to market and sell all its products, such as wines and whiskies, to the food and beverage industry. Further, the company aims at shipping and distributing the aforementioned products in the most responsible way. The company’s mission is to share its love for high-standard wines with individuals who like taking wine. All the brands of products manufactured by the Flaming Waters will be certified as made from organically grown grapes and healthy raw materials. Such products are backed by the organization with absolute satisfaction guarantee. Flaming

Observe behavior - you as a researcher (Psychology) Essay

Observe behavior - you as a researcher (Psychology) - Essay Example A study of college students stress found that stress is self-imposed surprisingly often (Weiten & Lloyd 65). Further enhancing available research that links college activities to self-imposed stress, this researcher noted a particular instance in which a student manifested not only outward indications of self-imposed stress, rather the student began to exhibit behavior toward self-fulfilling prophecy in which the students unrealistic expectations about academic performance caused her negative assertions to become reality. In an attempt to justify a hypothetical linkage between self-imposed stress and self-fulfilling prophecy, this researcher engaged the student to become an It became a crucial determining factor to this case study to witness how the participant functioned in an academic environment and for this researcher to observe behaviors which could be linked to self-imposed stress and self-fulfilling prophecy. The subject was observed frantically reinforcing her impending failure to an upcoming class examination, exclaiming on several occasions that she was "stupid" and could not manage to secure an acceptable understanding of her curriculums material. This researcher allowed the subject to openly express her misgivings with her academic performance and twice witnessed the subject toss her study materials in frustration. Further forward in the subjects study session, the student publicly refused to continue studying because she perceived the activity as a "useless effort" and that she was "doomed to work at a car wash for the rest of her life" and would never attain her degree. As part of our association, it was commonplace for this researcher to offer study assistance by quizzing the subject on her study material. After reviewing the information, this researcher was able to conclude that the subject comprehended

Gram Positive and gram Negative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gram Positive and gram Negative - Essay Example s thick peptidoglycan layer it displays Gm +ve differential staining and if the microorganism possess thin or single layer of peptidoglycan then it takes up the counter stain Safranin of the Gram reaction. Thus, G +ve organisms display purple staining whereas the G –ve organisms take up the counter stain and display pink staining. Counter stain Safranin is added to the reaction after washing the Gram stain with alcohol. This step is most imperative as Gram positive organisms possessing thick peptidoglycan retains the stain while Gram negative organisms possessing thin peptidoglycan cell wall becomes colorless and therefore takes up the counter stain when stained with Safranin. It is therefore this staining procedure aids as a diagnostic device in medical as well as research pursuits. Staining also helps in identifying the morphology of the microbial population (Korolik, 2008). It is a Gram-negative rod. The bacteria does not possess flagella and therefore not motile bacteria. It possess capsule and therefore it is encapsulated. Klebsiella is known to be lactose fermenting organism (Ryan, 2004). It is present as the natural microflora on the epidermal layers especially skin and oral cavity. It is also present in the intestine. It is also present in soil and around 30% of the species fix nitrogen under anaerobic conditions (Postgate, 1998). Klebsiella is becoming the topic of research as it is emerging as an impetrative pathogen in nosocomial infections. Klebsiella possess two different kinds of antigens one on its cell wall and other on its capsule. The O antigen is present as a cell wall component on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and possess 9 different kinds. The capsular antigen is known as K antigen and possess as many as 80 different kinds. These antigens are responsible for the virulence of the organism (Podschun, 1998). These virulence factors are responsible for disease called pneumonia. Pneumonia is the disease of lungs and results in inflammation

The Proposition & Gomorrah Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Proposition & Gomorrah - Term Paper Example em miniature, and many filmmakers use aperature flare, an artifact of having a camera, to make CG sequences feel more â€Å"real.† Two films, â€Å"The Proposition† and â€Å"Gomorrah† use color and camera movement to create two vastly different visual styles, which leaves the audience with two very different impressions: â€Å"The Proposition† seems like a storey book, or a distant tableau, whereas â€Å"Gomorrah† creates a sense of immersion. The color palettes of these two films are one of the first thing one notices when comparing them. â€Å"The Proposition† has an incredibly warm color palette, almost seeming to have yellow or orange gels over the camera lens during every single shot. â€Å"Gomorrah,† on the other hand, has a somewhat cooler, grittier, and more realistic color palette. This creates very different impressions for the audience - the color palette in â€Å"The Proposition† reminds readers of the fact that they are watching a film, a story, and creates a tableau for them to enjoy in the distance. The color palette of â€Å"Gomorrah,† on the other hand, creates a sense of being there, of realism, and of immersion. The choice of camera movement has a similar effect in both films. The camera movement in â€Å"The Proposition† is long and careful – things like slow zooms, smooth movements and so on are incredibly common, as are dolly shots. â€Å"Gomorrah,† however, has a more documentary-style camera movement – many of the scenes are shot by hand-held camera or are given the effect of being shot on hand-held camera, with significant bouncing, jostling and so on. This creates the impression that the film maker is actually documenting real things that are happening, rather than painting a story for the viewer’s enjoyment. All of this serves to make â€Å"The Proposition† more like a storybook, and â€Å"Gomorrah† more like a brutal, real world documentary. The audience’s awareness of the artifice of film is a principle object of a director’s

Nursing Shortages Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Shortages - Research Proposal Example Some other studies have also shown that if patient: nurse ration is more then there is a poor performance of the staff as well due to a number of factors including work load the most important one. If one staff is attending more than one patient then along with more work which is going to be obviously more exhausting for the staff that will lead to decline in the quality performance it also adds to the spread of infection. Hospital is full of contagious organism and the nursing staff mainly is the vector for the transfer of them so, if one staff is attending three patients at a time the staff will be mixing the formal flora and even pathogenic flora lying with one patient with the other one which will be leading to hospital acquired infection that are more resistant to be treated and most of the times lead to fatal results so, this way patients will have a long hospital stay with increased morbidity and a high number of patients will die. I would be working on the project to find out scientifically if patient nurse ratio really has an impact And if it is then in which setting This issues is very important because nursing staff is the primary heal care professional this is in touch with the patient most of the time so if work is carried out at this area it will be very easy to be adjusted and the outcome will be very rewarding. In order to carry this research study out we can take patients hospital stay, in patient and out patient mortality in the first month after getting discharged, patient's satisfaction will be constant variable and we will be seeing the impact of nurse: patient ration on them while nurse: patient ration is going to be kept constant. We need a number of observations like there has to be standardization of a few parameters in order to avoid different types of biases like the experience and qualifying degree of this nursing staff should be the same. The study should be carried out at one health care center at a time the patient population should be exactly or almost nearly the same age, with same co-morbid status, and same ethnic or social group ideally so in short basically patient's and nurse' factors should be normalized. Hospitals should ideally be tertiary care with some part of the study at intensive care unit as well so that the impact of this ratio can also be studied depending on the seriousness of the primary illness. We need all these observations because health care system is very intricate and these entire factors influence each other directly or indirectly through different ways. This study needs to be a cohort study ideally though it is going to be a long time consuming stuffy but the results will be more promising. Data needs to be both on in-patient and out patient basis mainly on telephone or at consulting clinics on there follow up visits. As an in patient records will be the souse of our data and as an out patient the patents their self or the next kin will be the source of data for us. There should be a written record system that

The Proposition & Gomorrah Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Proposition & Gomorrah - Term Paper Example em miniature, and many filmmakers use aperature flare, an artifact of having a camera, to make CG sequences feel more â€Å"real.† Two films, â€Å"The Proposition† and â€Å"Gomorrah† use color and camera movement to create two vastly different visual styles, which leaves the audience with two very different impressions: â€Å"The Proposition† seems like a storey book, or a distant tableau, whereas â€Å"Gomorrah† creates a sense of immersion. The color palettes of these two films are one of the first thing one notices when comparing them. â€Å"The Proposition† has an incredibly warm color palette, almost seeming to have yellow or orange gels over the camera lens during every single shot. â€Å"Gomorrah,† on the other hand, has a somewhat cooler, grittier, and more realistic color palette. This creates very different impressions for the audience - the color palette in â€Å"The Proposition† reminds readers of the fact that they are watching a film, a story, and creates a tableau for them to enjoy in the distance. The color palette of â€Å"Gomorrah,† on the other hand, creates a sense of being there, of realism, and of immersion. The choice of camera movement has a similar effect in both films. The camera movement in â€Å"The Proposition† is long and careful – things like slow zooms, smooth movements and so on are incredibly common, as are dolly shots. â€Å"Gomorrah,† however, has a more documentary-style camera movement – many of the scenes are shot by hand-held camera or are given the effect of being shot on hand-held camera, with significant bouncing, jostling and so on. This creates the impression that the film maker is actually documenting real things that are happening, rather than painting a story for the viewer’s enjoyment. All of this serves to make â€Å"The Proposition† more like a storybook, and â€Å"Gomorrah† more like a brutal, real world documentary. The audience’s awareness of the artifice of film is a principle object of a director’s

Engineering communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engineering communication - Essay Example This will definitely lead to higher levels of enrollment of graduates due to increased numbers of students joining the institution. Operating hours-The free transport will be offered at regular intervals during the day. A regular interval of three hours starting from (0800-2200hrs) will be introduced to ensure every person`s need is catered for. This will let students have more time to study especially in the mornings because they will no longer have to trek to educational facilities like the library and lecture halls. Bus stops-The buses will make stops at various academic buildings, staff facilities, graduates residences, undergraduate residences and certain shopping centers. The stops at shopping centers will be essential as it will let students do some shopping and save them costs of hiring taxi`s. These stops will mainly be carried out at the evening hours of the day (1800-2200hrs). Costs-To be effective, the buses should be low –floor, fully accessible and run on biodiesel fuel due to many trips they are to make everyday. This will avert many costs because the buses consume readily available form of fuel extracted from plants which are readily available in the country. This is a better source of cleaner energy that is less pollutant to the environment. Safety-To ensure safety of every person, every person should produce a form of identification showing that he or she is eligible to board the bus. Then a search is to be conducted to person`s boarding the bus using a special equipment to detect any an unallowable devices that may be used to threaten the security of persons in the bus. Furthermore, the buses should be equipped with global positioning instruments to track positions of buses at any time to prevent mismanagement and control usage. Also the buses should have regular inspections for them to be compliant to operate on the roads. They should have an insurance cover too. Drivers and other

Roller-coaster of Emotions Essay Example for Free

Roller-coaster of Emotions Essay The plain was rich with crops; there were many orchards of fruit trees and beyond the plain the mountains were brown and bare (3) Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms. To the innocence of children fruit trees and plains is all they are aware of but in fact, what is beyond is what makes Ernest Hemingway want to explain, that beyond those plains there has been chaos and terrible deaths. After a scanning the entire landscape, the eyes can come across the true reality of the war, which made fruitless trees, beat up grounds, chaos, but also soldiers that have learned the true meaning of what war really is. Frederic Henry, the protagonist in Hemingways literary war novel, comes across the reality what life has to offer and overcomes many obstacles that changes him to become the person he ends up being towards the end of the novel. In his novel, A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway demonstrates that the destructiveness of war turns him from the naive solider, to the being in love, and finally to Henry the person that sees the world as a bad place that destroys a family. To begin with, Henry has no personal control with his temptations towards women, drinks excessively and simply has carelessness revolving him. The way that Henry enjoys obliterating war is being with women and drinking alcohol which lets him get away for a while. Henry has come across a person that cares for him and wants him to be on the right path, that person is the priest. Trying to get Henry out of his disastrous life, his friend the priest, recommends that Henry visits Abruzzi because it will let Henry become a better person. The priest comes across Henry and wants him to prosper and offers Henry to see Abruzzi and visit my [the priests] family at Capracotta (8), but instead the captain wins over Henry by saying, come one†¦ We go whorehouse before it shuts (9). Henry leaves that night with a simple good-night towards the priest and wonders off with the rest of the men. The reality of Henrys decision was that he wants to do what is right, but can never manage to do the prudent thing. Henry could have stayed home with the priest but instead his temptations leads him to the wron path. Later on that night Rinaldi asks Henry how the night went. Just like men talk Henry starts going on about how he had a beautiful time every where he went and Rinaldi is there to cheer him on. Rinaldi is almost the exact mirror image as Henry as they perceive women, Rinaldi confirms to Henry that in this town we have beautiful English girls. I am now in love with Miss Barkley (12). Henry’s main goal is to get pleasures that are easy and fast, he calls those strange excitement which shows that he has little or no ability to feel satisfied. Frederic Henry has not been able to find his inner self, he only knows what men in war like to do best; Henry drinks alcohol visits the whorehouses to substitute not being able to figure himself out. To come to a conclusion that the people that want to help him, Henry ignores them and shows this when he sat next to the priest and he was disappointed and suddenly hurt that I [Frederic] had not gone to Abruzzi. He had written to his father that I [Frederic] was coming and they had made preparations (13). This is significant because it shows that the help his close friend offers means nothing to him, he confesses that while going out it lets him get a grip of his emotions; something which he cannot do while sober. The way Henry sees things is that people settle for a small amount of pleasure instead of going the extra mile in order to get what they really want. When Henry starts changing is when he meets Catherine Barkley and his love towards her becomes a role in his transformation in his personality. Catherine at first is just someone that attracted Henry to her, her tawny skin and petite body was a reason why she caught his eye. He has found himself fallen for someone and is constantly wanting to be with her. He searches for her, but she was not in the garden and I [Frederic] went to the door of the villa where the ambulances drove up. Inside he saw the head nurse, who said Miss Barkley was on dutytheres a war going on, you know (22). Henry clearly knew that a nurse in war has a stressful duty and has hardly any time to spend time with their loved ones. Henry wants to be with her and no longer is going around with other women, he wants to be with Miss Barkley and he wants to go the extra mile to go in search for her, just to sound some time together. He is so eager to be with her that he goes the next evening to the hospital to see her but has to wait until she came down. While he sits down waits for her he sees every detail inside the hospital, something he never did before, there were many marble busts on painted wooden pillars along the walls of the room they used for an office†¦they had complete marble quality of all looking alike (28). He is patiently waiting for Catherine, meanwhile he is staring at his surroundings. He has changed into a different man than what he was before he met Miss Barkley. They see each other and she asks if he loves her, he replies with a yes but seems unsure of it. While they converse one thing leads to another and they begin kissing, Frederic sees that both her eyes are shit and thinks to himself, I did not love Catherine Barkley nor had any idea of loving her. This was a game, like a bridge, in which you said things instead of playing cards. Like a bridge you had to pretend you were playing for money or playing for some stakes. Nobody had told me what the stakes were. It was all right with me (30-31). At this point he just wants someone to play around with instead of learning the true meaning behind what love really is. Then becoming injured in war awakens Henry and love has put him to the test. I went out the door and suddenly I felt lonely and empty†¦when I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hallow (41). His real emotions towards her start rising out when he sees that she can really take care of him by which he was injured terribly. Henry suddenly begins to be more aware of other people rather than just himself and it leads towards a step forward in his persona. The termination of Henrys transformation leads into the last words of the novel, he has come to love his Catherine but sees the world as someone that kills with no question. Everything Henry does now revolves around Catherine. His love for her grows as when he is away at the front lines. His uniform is now star-less because he wants nothing to do with war, the faded part of his uniform showed the stars had been removed. He then comes across charming people that not only offer him shelter, but also clothing. Theres a closet. Take anything you want. My dear fellow, you dont want to buy clothes (242) but Henry responds that he would much rather pay for the clothes. Henrys actions are now more powerful and also shows us that he has more responsibility in him, something that he really did not know how to do at the starting point of the novel. Being away from Catherine improves his ability to take action and make him into a better person that he can be. But later his dreams of Catherine being near him are coming true and has her near. While they are together in the hotel room Henry explains to Catherine that if people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them, so of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry (249). He tries to convince himself that he will be all right since he has escaped the war, little did he know that he was not able to escape freely, but to find out that Catherine had died with the baby they had made together. Ever since then Henry is not able to become the person he had been wanting to be. He ends up being a lonely man, with no family, that sees the world and everyone in it, against him, and nobody there to guide him any longer. Catherines fast death concluded his idea on having that there is life left that war took from him. In conclusion, Ernest Hemingway shows us how war can basically destroy not only a family but also a person that is left without it. Hemingway has Frederic Henrys character to demonstrate that there is always a need to escape from the destructiveness of war in order to keep sanity in ones self. With Frederic Henry as Hemingways model, shows us that you cannot have a rainbow without a little bit of rain, which means that even though Henry was put into awful situations like death, he was able to find the person he was destined to become.

Reviewing The Problems Of Music Piracy Media Essay

Reviewing The Problems Of Music Piracy Media Essay Music internet piracy is causing serious problems within the global society, especially the music industry. Music internet piracy itself has resulted in big music companies such as Sony, in losing millions of dollars every year and is progressively growing. There have been many institutions and strategies that have been adopted by the music industry to combat music piracy which have addressed music piracy but have not had the ability to stop it. In this essay, I will be investigating The effect of Peer-to-Peer internet piracy on the music industry. I will be doing so by breaking up my essay into different sections. These include an introductory section on music publishing and copyright infringements: this will give some background information as to the whole concept of music rights. Then I would be investigating The Global Music Industry and to follow this, a section on why music piracy has been so successful. Straight after this I will look at the industrys response to combat music piracy and finally a section on the future of the music industry This topic is worthy of study because it outlines the impact of music piracy on the music industry. This should make you think twice before downloading a song or album because you will witness the effect it is having on the artists, producers, singers, and companies if you consistently download music. If music piracy continues, it will have an effect on people entering the music industry because they are being denied of the money they deserve. Music Publishment and Copyright Infringement Music piracy is defined as the illegal duplication and distribution of sound recordings.  [1]  Each time an album or single is purchased a faction of that sale goes to the artist or band that made the song. This money is called a royalty payment. This is where musicians earn most of their income. If people continually download music or tracks from the Internet without paying for them, the musicians receive no royalties.  [2]  This is a serious problem because if singers are not payed, this will threaten the future of music copyright as they might leave the industry due to the decreased return. Music copyright is the legal right to publish and sell copies of an artists, singers, or writers work.  [3]  In the music industry, the copyright to a song is usually shared by the singer and their recording company under the condition that the recording company pays the singer for a share in their copyright, which gives the company the right to prevent any other organisation from selling the songs. The consequence of another company being found selling copies of the song is that the singer or their recording company has the right to sue and press charges against that company for breaking copyright laws.  [4]  The artists have this right to make sure that only their companies can sell their songs, which would result in only that company receiving the money. But when the music is downloaded from the Internet, the companies do not get money out of it as it is a free transition to the downloader. The Global Music Industry The global music industry was quite successful during the 1990s. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic industry (IFPI), album sales grew from US$24.1 billion to US$38.6 billion during the decade.  [5]  Those days are well over now and the industry is struggling and sales have been falling quite rapidly. The Institute for Policy Innovation said music piracy is costing the U.S. economy $12.5 billion every year. 71,060 U.S. jobs lost, a loss of $2.7 billion in workers earnings, and a loss of $422 million in tax revenues, $291 million in personal income tax and $131 million in lost corporate income and production taxes.  [6]  So not only is music piracy threatening the future of music copyright, it is also threatening the global society in terms of jobs, taxes and salaries. This problem has arisen from the online music file sharing programs that are now available to use through the internet. The most commonly used file sharing is Peer to Peer (P2P) networking, which was used by Napster. Napster was created in June 1999 and made the work of many artists available for free. Napsters popularity was immediate and according to Mediametrix, a company that provides internet rankings and measurement, Napster was the fastest software adoption in history  [7]  and 2.8 billion music files were downloaded each month.  [8]  Napster is a different way to distribute MP3 files. Instead of storing the songs on a central computer, the songs live on users machines. When you want to download a song using Napster, you are downloading it from another persons machine, and that person could be your next-door neighbour or someone halfway around the world.  [9]  Napster also used a centralized directory that facilitated efficient searches for songs, albums and artist s,  [10]  which made it very user-friendly that helped it become more popular and widely used around the world. Given the impact on the music industry, the Recording Music of America (RIAA) soon filed a case against Napster in the U.S. District Court of San Francisco for à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"engaging in or enabling, facilitating or assisting others in the copying, downloading, uploading, transmission, or distribution of copyrighted musical work or sound recordings protected by copyright or state law without the express permission of the rights owners.à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  [11]  Napster was then shut down February 2001. This did not see the end of file sharing on the internet though; many other peer-to-peer alternatives to exchange music over the internet remained available such as Freenet, Gnutella, Gnarly, Wired Planet  [12]  and KaZaA. For instance, KaZaA, is currently holding the new record of most downloaded software with more than 230 million users worldwide.  [13]  In all the countries listed by the Yahoo Buzz Index, which is an index that measures internet searc h sing the Yahoo search engine, KaZaA was the number one and most popular search term on the internet in many weeks during 2003.  [14]     [15]   The graph above demonstrates the increasing sales of music from 1991 to 1998, but due to the introduction of Napster in 1999, music sales have decreased rapidly from 2000 onwards and are still decreasing. The graph also indicates that it is projected that in 2012, there would be an increase in the amount of digital format spending on music and less CD sales compared to the sales in 2006. File sharing has been growing ever since it started. In June 2001, IFPI estimated there were 3 million simultaneous global users and 500 million files available for copying at any stage in time. In 2002, the IFPI estimate went up to 5 million simultaneous users and 900 million files.  [16]  Clearly we can see now that file sharing is increasing rapidly every year and is getting more popular with more users and files being put up to download. In 2002, NetPD, a company that provides protection services to copyright owners whose material is being pirated through the internet, reported that 3.6 billion files were downloaded monthly, of which around 60% and 70% were music files.  [17]  The most popular albums are suffering the most. The most popular albums are available for downloading almost immediately after release and in some cases before release. Popular artist Eminems album was available for download even before it was released.  [18]  So it is fair to say that copyright protection technology has been ineffective in preventing music from being downloaded and threatens the future of music copyright. Not only are the producers and artists losing money, the top five recording distributors are also feeling the effect of music piracy. The five recording distributors or record labels combine to distribute over 80% of all sales in the United States in both 2002 and 2003.  [19]  These Big Five companies are , Universal Music Group (IMG), Warner/Elektra/Atlantic (WEA), Sony, Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG), and Electric and Musical Industries (EMI). These companies have tremendous market power in the signing of artists, the release of new albums and the distribution of the albums. If music piracy continues, it will threaten the rights of these big companies sales and music copyright  [20]  and impact on their commitment to sign and develop new artists.   [21]   Table above presents aggregate market share data for total album sales in 2002 and 2003, the two years in the data sample.  [22]   Reasons That Contribute to Music Piracys Succession File sharing and music piracy over the internet has been successful due to many aspects that are changing within the society. Back in the 90s there was no technology around to assist in file sharing. That is why the music sales were so successful in those days. But now society has super fast broadband speeds and new computer technology that assist to make file sharing and music piracy possible and simple to do. In this section of the essay I will be underlining all the aspects that have been introduced in the society that have made it easier for music pirates (pirates being a person who downloads music or uploads music on the Internet), to make file sharing and music piracy so successful. The first reason for music piracys success is the development of broadband and cable internet which has facilitated music swapping. A soundtrack that takes more than 12 minutes to download with a dial-up connection can be downloaded to your computer in as fast as 20 seconds with a high speed connection.  [23]  Napster enjoyed the super fast speed of the internet in Universities and used it effectively until they were banned because file swapping was consuming much of the bandwidth available. In the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, file sharing had amounted to 75% of the total bandwidth.  [24]  Now that the internet speeds are faster and more efficient, downloading music is much easier and makes life much easier for the pirate. If this continues and technology keeps on improving, then this will surely threaten the future of music copyright because as mentioned before it is quicker to download and easier. Another change in technology that has the ability to threaten the future of music copyright is that it is getting easier to use such digital formats. The development of digital compression formats has had a major influence on the illegal distribution of music. Online delivery is possible in Motion Picture Expert Group-1 Audio layer 3 format (MP3).  [25]  MP3 is a digital compression method that reduces a piece of recorded music to one-tenth of its original size.  [26]  This is the format used in the online sharing of pirate copies. MP3 is the most popular and productive format of data compression. MP3 compresses the data without significantly compromising sound quality which is what the pirates want. Also, the ease of trading songs using MP3 format will discourage consumers from buying legal copies of albums or songs,  [27]  which potentially does have the ability to threaten music copyright as it has become very easy to download and store music with minimal hassle, due t o the MP3 format. MP3 files are more productive to use than CDs. A 5 minute soundtrack that would take more than 50 megabytes in CD compression format would only take a file of 5 megabytes to store without noticeably affecting the sound quality. This 5 megabyte compressed file takes 12 minutes to download with a dial-up internet connection (56Kbps modem downstream), 1 minute and 20 seconds with a regular DSL or cable connection (512Kbps downstream) and 20 seconds with a fast DSL connection (2000Kbps downstream).  [28]  So now that faster internet assists with faster downloads, many people buy fast speed broadband to download compressed MP3 files efficiently and effectively. The development a myriad of portable MP3 players ranging from top of the range IPods to inexpensive pocket sized MP3 players has also had an impact and will further threaten the future of music copyright. People can upload (rip) CDs to their PCs hard drives and listen to music on their computer. The computer then has the ability to compress the files to a suitable MP3 format to reduce the storage memory on the hard drive and to facilitate the sharing of the files over the internet, and convert the files back to a CD format and burn CDs that can be played by any MP3 player. So the portability of the music is now more convenient, as now the music can be carried in a MP3 player device. MP3 players and IPods are the most popular sources of listening to music, so now if everybodys downloading music files off the internet, they will find it more convenient to listen to music from a little device such as an MP3 player. So if there is a growing number of MP3 users, there would also be a grow ing number of music downloaders, which has the impact to threaten the future of licensed and copyrighted music. The Industrys Response in Combating Music Piracy The music industry has adopted many strategies, punishments and policies to combat and prevent music piracy from continuing. In this section of the essay I will analyse the responses that the industry have implemented to combat music piracy. The first response that the music industry implemented was that the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) individually sued participants in file sharing network. On June, 25, 2003, the RIAA announced publicly that it would be monitoring file sharing networks and taking legal action against users of these networks. This announcement had the effect of reducing file sharing activity across the board because many consumers became concerned about the risk of being sued for thousands of dollars. The RIAA focused their attention on the major offenders who were averaging more than 1, 000 copyrighted music files each.  [29]  Doing this reveals that as a result of the lawsuit strategy, album sales increased by 2.9% over the 23 weeks in the data sample after the strategy was announced. During this period, actual record sales in the U.S. were an average of 11,470,652 albums per week, based on national level data reported by Billboard magazine (2003) each week, and thus would have been 11,147,378 per week in the absence of the reduction in file sharing caused by the lawsuit strategy.  [30]  As you can see this lawsuit strategy was effective in combating music piracy. It increased the music sales and helped overcome the issue of music piracy. RIAA continued with this for 23 weeks and stopped it. Because RIAA had focused only on the major offenders, this gave the chance for many casual users who initially abandoned file sharing for fear of being sued to return to the music piracy networks. Another successful strategy that was implemented by the music industry that has eased music piracy was that it put up legal digital music online. Many companies and organisation are now allowing music to be downloaded with a cost attached to it. The most popular and prominent organisation is ITunes. ITunes charges their customers $0.99 per track downloaded. As of April 7, 2009, and onwards, ITunes is charging $1.29 per track to the most popular songs and $0.69 per track to the least popular songs.  [31]   The ITunes store has sold 8 billion tracks since its launch in mid-2003. It has been confirmed that recent months have seen music sales climb very high to four billion projected track sales each year.  [32]  Between January 6, 2009 and July 21, 2009 the service sold 2 billion songs.  [33]  This compared to the sales between April 28 2003 and January 10, 2007 to sell the first two billion songs. ITunes has also been running extensive programmes of live events in London, hosting great and packed crowds and some of the worlds popular and successful artists.  [34]  So we can tell by this information that ITunes is a successful implementation by the industry and is continuing to grow rapidly. It is getting so popular that ITunes is now extending its stores to new European markets during this year.   [35]   This graph shows a rapid increase of music sales of ITunes from 2002 to 2009. Another strategy that the industry has been implemented is that the major labels such as, Pressplay, owned by Sony and Universal; AOL MusicNet, owned by the other 3 big labels (EMI, AOL Time Warner and BMG) and by RealNetworks, are set to begin offering consumers digital-music subscription packages.  [36]  Most services offer unlimited downloads, for a fixed charge from US$10 to US$20 per month and the possibility to do permanent burnable downloads for around US$1.  [37]  These digital- music subscription packs contain their own library of music and customers are admitted to download the licensed music that is on display and available for downloading. This proved to be a successful strategy as well. It gave consumers maximum downloads for a fixed price, the consumers were happy to use it because they were secured when downloading songs as they were legal to download. The music industry decided to seize CDs from CD companies in Italy, Greece and Spain due to the fact that these companies are producing more CDs to store downloaded music and distribute them illegally. Total seizures of CD-R discs in 2001 were three times higher than in 2000, at 9.6 million.  [38]  Seizures of blank discs destined for illegal CD-R labs totalled 19 million, compared to less than one million a year earlier indicating massive levels of anticipated production. There were also major actions against the mass-producing CD plants. Around 42 CD manufacturing lines, up from 20 the previous year, were put out of action by IFPI assisted police initiatives, mainly in Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines. These manufacturers have a potential annual production capacity of some 200 million CDs, roughly equivalent to the legitimate market in the UK. A further 22 manufacturers were taken out of action in the first four months of 2002.  [39]   In some places, like the United Kingdom, the Three strikes policy has been introduced to try and combat music piracy and illegal file swapping across the internet. The three strikes policy disconnect the Internet for users who have offended the copyright violation which have been promoted by the RIAA.  [40]   Hull, in the UK, has put the three strikes policy into practice to deal with the internet users caught downloading copyrighted material. Karoo, the citys only internet service provider (ISP), serving approximately 90,000 internet users has been cutting connections immediately if a user is caught downloading copyright material without warning the offender. This harsh practice of cutting the internet connection without notifying the customer, has brought controversy from customers and several digital rights group. Under the new law, Karoo will send three written warnings notices to the customer before cancelling their (ISP) connection, after the (ISP) accepted it was exceeding the expectations of copyright owners. The (ISP)s policy remains contentious as well as substantially harsher than that of other UK (ISP)s, which have apparently been unenthusiastic to deal with illegal file sharing across their networks, and only lately agreed to send warnings notices to persistent offenders.   [41]   The Future of the Music Industry The future of the music industry looks grim for the years ahead. In this section of the essay I will be investigating the future of the music industry and music copyright. File sharing has made a dramatic change in the distribution process since it started causing changes in the music industry. In 1999, 51% of albums were sold in retail stores and 34% in other stores.  [42]  In 2002 and 2003 the share of sales in music stores had a dramatic drop to approximately 35%, whereas the other stores had increased to 50% of music sales. Also, by 2003, 5% of all music acquisition occurred through the internet and music piracy, and it is continually growing. The reason is that the industry is shifting from retail stores to sales through large electronics chains such as Best Buy and Circuit City, as well as mass merchants such as Wal-Mart.  [43]  Therefore, music piracy is effecting not only music sales music copyright, it is also effecting the business industry. Now that most of the music is electronic and can be downloaded at home using the internet, music retailers such as Sanity have suffered due to internet file sharing and music piracy, which does ha ve an effect on the future of the music retail industry as more music is being downloaded than sold traditionally in retail stores. Also, buying a record may be replaced with downloading a record,  [44]  which can affect the future of music industry as downloading a record eliminates the need for labels to manufacture, warehouse, and ship tangible products.  [45]  If consumers continually downloading music and ignore buying them, the industry will affect what music the public listens to and how they listen to it.  [46]  Because of this, many digital labels would be introduced. In the new web-based music industry, artists could make their own labels and record companies individually on the internet, using their own computer. This can affect the current major record labels as many indie  [47]  labels could easily produce their own record labels at home, which will increase the popularity of them, resulting in some of them being as successful as past indies such as Yahoo and Microsoft, which will give way to a more dynamic free market.  [48]   CONCLUSION In this essay I investigated The effect of Peer-to-Peer internet piracy on the music industry. I believe I have demonstrated that music piracy does have the ability to threaten the future of music copyright. I have also analysed the implementations the music industry have implied to combat this problem within the society and evaluate how successful they were to prevent music piracy from continuing. In conclusion, music piracy is infringing copyright laws and costing the music industry millions of dollars each year. With the introduction of Napster in 1999, music sales decreased extraordinarily. In 2001, Napster was put out of business but this did not see the end of music piracy. KaZaA, a Napster successor than came in business and is now holding the record for most downloaded files. As you can see, music piracy is very hard to stop because if you shut down one distributor, many other distributors and organisations come into the illegal world of music piracy. Music piracy is getting easier due to the technologies available for the pirate to work with. Now there is super fast broadband internet speed, data compression, MP3 and portable players for the pirate to use to successfully download music efficiently and effectively. Digital music is now one of the most popular formats of music. The music industry has been working hard to combat music piracy and file swapping online. Although they did not completely stop music piracy altogether, they had certainly eased it and decreased the number of music downloads online. The most successful strategy that was introduced by the industry was to put legal music online. The music was digital, but it had a price fixed to each track. Many companies, namely ITunes, put their songs online legally and this decreased the level of music piracy over the Internet. ITunes is continually growing and is selling more and more tracks each year. A new focus that could be emerged from my study in this essay is What should the global society and music industry do in order to stop music piracy at once and for all?