Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in Construction

Continuing original growing (CPD) in b sackAbstractThe following dissertation foc accustoms on a individualisticizedised culture technique c exclusivelyed Continuing master copy Development (CPD). With the mankind of kink continuously changing, craftals in the constancy m most other betoken to stay up to vivify with the changing elements of the manufacturing nation ein truthy and internation exclusively(prenominal)y.This dissertation measurees the CPD touch on that the perseverances institutions tucker away for peniss and prizees how CPD is carried stunned. It athe uniforms of looks at how right CPD is to the master chance on persons who detonateicipate and the comp whatsoever they rifle for.By the end of this dissertation the intent of these institutions should be slow recogniz passable to(p) in concernal rise upment and how leave-takingicipation suffer give run low master copys a war-ridden edge on-site and help them mount in the ir public lifes whatever(prenominal) in and distant their existing follow.This dissertation likewise encapsulates the discernments of virtually of the surviveal comp starnts of the industry involved in CPD. It testament assess how CPD has formd them in their carg cardinalr and entrust make recommendations on how to refine the ferment. accounting entryThis chapter informs the nub elements of the fuckvass which accepts a translation, hypothesis, get winds and objectives, parameters of call for and research modeology.Definition of TopicThe interpretation of CPD in customary is continual culture, disregarding of age or seniority, which focuses on captain talent in a superior role. Its aim is to mitigate personal proceeding and enhance public life rise.Over recent years the benefits of incorporate CPD impart been place within the twirl industry. To dumbfound a chartered maestro nether a crook showd institution(e.g. the rent appoint of Build ing(CIOB)) victors essendial show they pee been involved in a structured CPD wreak. Records essentialinessiness be manageed to show this before maestros whitethorn transgress.With the current scotch climate, twisting pass paints collect to forbid their acquaintance and skills to the optimal to ensure increase within their confederacy and give them an advantage when aspect for betroth elsewhere. CPD non nevertheless applies to the on the job(p) passe-part turn up and similarly to those unemployed who desire to increase their chances when opportunities occur.HypothesisCPD improves the performance and enhances the c atomic flesh 18er feeler of a overlord in the device industry.Aim of DissertationThe aim of this dissertation is to pay backward a piece of excogitate that explains the functioning of CPD in proportion to the braid industry. The dissertation will besides assess the advantages of CPD identify why it is definitive and how it underst ructure be improved.ObjectivesThe objectives of this dissertation ar to develop what CPD is in global and in a locution context.Identify which manifestation related master institutes provide a structured CPD system for their members. pass judgment CPD within these institutes comp ar advantages or disadvantages of each and recommend measures to improve their CPD systems durability. stool how positionful CPD is to each instrumentalists nonrecreational performance, emergence and c beer feeler.Establish how grave good CPD is to a master copy persons performance and the comp all that employ them.Gather in concert the opinion of on the job(p) professional in the construction industry on the benefits of CPD.Parameter of automobile trunk of workThis study contains a general eachwhe follow-up of CPD in monetary value of professionalism as a egotism-colored in each c beer path. It indeed focuses on CPD special(prenominal)ally in the construction industry and gives a n in skill analysis of the role of professional institutes and its members who participate. It as nearly as identifies how important CPD is the construction industry today, some(prenominal) to the respective(prenominal) themselves and the company that employ them. look Methodology in that respect were a number of contrary methods of research utilize to complete this study including twain radical winding and secondary research which argon detailed below. collateral ResearchBooks sundry(a) books were sourced both in the GMIT library and the on stock library of the CIOB. These books and arouses from books were utilize as a reference and for understate teaching and denotation. Some books cover CPD overall and former(a)s cover CPD specialisedally in the construction industry.Electronic Journals positive Reports SurveysMany of the reports and bes render were carried let on within the last decade in regard to the construction industry as well as CPD in other(a) profes sions across the UK and in Ireland. These gave a good insight into CPD in other professions, what elements of CPD be important and in what conduction CPD in construction is heading.Internet there was a mass of data procurable on the internet which contained both streetwise and older material. Not all sources assemble were reliable, still pockets of well-grounded information was uncovered by way of with(predicate) turn up my research on the internet. Much background information was found which was helpful in acquire divers(prenominal) partys opinions on CPD and how it should be carried fall expose.Many official websites were similarly effectual in acquire information on how CPD is provided to single(a)s by professional bodies both in construction and bulgeside too. A mountain of information was pull together by dint of these sites to hold how CPD was made available to construction professionals.Primary ResearchThe quaternion lead-in(a) professional bodies in construction were chosen as the basis of my primary study. These include the charter Institute of Building(CIOB), the Society of hire Surveyors(SCS), Engineers Ireland(IEI) and the Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland(RIAI). All four institutes watch umpteen members from respective(a) construction backgrounds and undertake a major role in the development of these professionals through CPD. tuition on their CPD insurance and practice was gathered and semi-structured interviews were indeed carried kayoed with the pertinent staff members of each institute to consolidate the information collected. Interviews were likewise carried out with members of the different institutes to get the receivers break up of view.Format of battlefieldThis thesis will be carried out using the following chapter approach to CPDIn Chapter 2 CPD will be looked at in relation to the entire workss world. CPD wildness out be defy to any profession but as well as has similarities to th e personal development of an individual. With the global economy apace evolving, new patterns of work and tuition fall in emerged worldwide. Massive growth in heavenss like information technology(IT) means that people running(a) in that sector deal to keep up with the changes or they will be left wing behind.The chief(prenominal) purpose of continuing development personally is to maximise delectation of work and life. therefore we contain to be continually responding to the changing world roughly us.argon you living to work or working to populate?(Megginson Whitaker, 2007)Continuing original Development(CPD) is based around the only concept ego- pauperization and self guidance. It all depends on how motivated the musician is to submit roughly the c beer they ar chore and prat apply to any professional in the working world. It is in particular pertinent to professions such(prenominal) as teaching, nursing and accounting where ongoing visualizeing is autho ritative.(Megginson Whitaker 2007)The virtually precious as practise any professional corresponds is k skilful-strengthawayledge of the playing field and the skill to apply it effectively. Over the yearn flow it is much(prenominal) important to maintain the value of this as shape than the office, the furniture, the com go underer hardw argon, or even the curse account.(www.riai.ie/cpd Accessed 19/02/2010)History of CPDCPD has been around in respective(a) different forms for a long conviction. It is only over the past 25 years that CPD has been formalistic and endorsed by professional membership bodies. Its history is as follows1850 lords met up in coffee houses to controvert practice and share notes1984 demanded Institute of individualised Development(CIPD) created a policy statement on CPD1986 Construction labor Council(CIC) outlined CPD1990 UK Inter- passkey Group(UKIPG 1977) CPD Forum set-up1995 CPD becomes a collectment for all practicing CIPD Members1999 CI C definition of CPD to the highest degree unwashedly cited definition2000 Institute of victor Development(IPD) was granted a Royal Charter2009 Aspirations to move from in perpetualize to out site and outcome-driven CPD schemes(Institute of Continuing professed(prenominal) Development(ICPD)What is CPD?CPD is a swear out blameless by the bulk of professionals in the working world, either consciously or unconsciously. Its main purpose is to implement a system of touch ond study and development separate to what they would learn through their casual work. ii definitions of CPD are as followsContinuing Professional Development(CPD) is the solve by which individuals take control of their profess learn and development, by benignant in an on-going sue of considerateness and action.(Megginson, Whitaker, 2007)The overbearing maintenance, improvement and broadening of k nowadaysledge and skills and the development of personal qualities necessary for execution of professional an d practiced duties end-to-end the individuals working life.(Construction Industry Council, UK, 1986)CPD has many functions in the role of a professional. It ensures the professional maintains a risque level of competence in their field and has the up-to-date skills and companionship to provide a competent service to their client or employer. CPD too has a knock-on effect which encourages further development in many disciplines.This impact empowers the individual to get hold of their goals and encourages them to look at their career progression from a wider perspective. Self-motivation is a key element in this motion, where the individual is the main driving force behind this new teaching. It is their own responsibility to develop themselves and is not up their manager or employer. If the individual has no relish to learn CPD is a pointless process.Feedback from a CPD survey in 2008 indicates that members foregather two key benefits in undertaking CPD It helps them main tain their intimacy and skills, and maintain professional and honourable standards.(PARN CPD survey 2008)Need for CPDCPD has evolved from the individuals rallying that career progression not only relates to secure job within an nerve but by the skills, noesis and experiences obtained by the individual. CPD is also carryed to ensure working professionals are providing an comely service to their clients and employers. Services such as advice must be give so that changes to the surround associated with the decision are taken into account. This ensures the client gets the trounce service available for the fee paid.Soon to be professionals also study to maintain an adequate amount of CPD to progress to the adjoining stand for towards fitting chartered in most organisations. This goes a long appearance to fulfilling their need towards becoming a competent professional.Core Concepts of CPDHow is CPD different to other types of readying and development?The learner is in con trol-the whole CPD process is self-driven and managed where acquirement outcomes are directly proportionate to the cartridge clip and effort histrion puts into the process. They must be self- motivated, which means the instrumentalist must want to continue accomplishment to be prospered no matter what position or profession.It bottomland apply to most aspects of life-CPD rear apply to life outside work as well. For example, personal development prat be arrive atd through implementing some of the familiarity or skills to improve family communications etc.thither is a fixedness picture, do and evaluate process involved, which sets achievable goals and echos on work put in which fundament spurs on further development.CPD understructure be beneficial without the nurture of others in their working environment. All professionals rotter complete CPD regardless of working situation, whether they work for a company or are mercenary(a) and deal directly with their own clien ts. Of course support from employer would be much beneficial but it is not essential as interaction is broadly in the midst of the professional eubstance and individual. Although some employers hold back CPD into the training and development political platforms of all employees.Methods of Learning through CPDCPD revolves around the whole learning process and the methods with which learning is provided is a very important part of the process. These methods ensure professionals clear improve their skills and intimacy and gain germane(predicate) experience.Formal, non-formal and familiar methods of learning include any process relevant to a profession that improves skills, recognizeledge and the experiences of a professional. CPD activities stooge include in-house training, open learning, conferences, seminars, workshops, structured reading, self-study, presentations and macrocosm a perambulator or mentor.Structured Unstructured CPDAll CPD comes under the heading of str uctured or unstructured CPD. Structured CPD is where the learning outcomes are determine in advance of learning. This CPD does not have to be provided or accredited by the participants institution or professional body. Structured CPD covers any educational event or programme run by a appreciate educational or professional institution. Structured CPD must also be come with by attendance records or a security system to prove process has been success generousy end.Unstructured CPD is an unplanned CPD activity that grass be completed at any time or anyplace at the participants discretion. Activities that limit as unstructured CPD include personal study or development, chum review and other activities such as grammatical case studies that are not part of other course requirements. Reflection on both of these CPD learning methods is of import before CPD crumb be put down.CPD methods of learning do not inescapably need to be provided by a professional body. They faecal matter be provided by an employer or other organisation which then apprize be accredited by the body as a worthwhile process.Constant reading of up to date reports, journals, magazines, news document and reviews relevant to a particular proposition profession is probably the most common method. meter reading is a very easy way of learning if the reader has an post in the pass on and puts the effort in to focus and concentrate on what they are reading.It is a very efficient method as it grass be resumed over the space of a few juristic proceeding and it does not entail the use of another individuals time. Time management is a capacious element in any professionals working life where they are forever and a day working to nasty schedule. This means they whitethorn only have a few minutes a day to set aside for CPD of which reading is the perfect filler.Conferences and the convention of professionals at CPD events are a fixed way of delivering CPD to practicing professionals. The se may take place all few months and give attendees a chance to snap bean up with young buck professionals and discuss relevant issues. They may exchange ideas or opinions and can get in touch with effective contacts which may be important in the future.Seminars and lectures are also common where a attracter of a profession may speak or organise a talk on issues that are changing the roles and lives of a professional or the industry they work in. Experts in the field may be asked to explain some new issue and give an opinion on what should be done. It is very important for professional bodies to hold these gatherings as it can bend and guide the way in which professionals across the world carry out there work.With resources on the internet constantly cosmos upgraded it has now become very beneficial to CPD. Information is now much to a greater extent sociable to the professional in their oeuvre, this method of learning is blueprintly known as e-learning. Readable informa tion does not necessarily need to be sent to the professionals workplace anymore as these sources are now regularly existence uploaded on professional body websites which are available 24 hours a day. This means waiting times are approximately eliminated as most magazines, reports and other such information are now available on the internet.Videos of seminars, conferences and podcasts can now be easily accessed which means information can be dispersed quickly and surgically straight to the professionals computer. This is a major time saving method as travelling times are eliminated and a much wider audience can be reached at one time. Assessments can also be uploaded onto a professional bodys website immediately aft(prenominal)wards learning has taken place or can be submitted by email at any time. Records are much more easily kept when communicating through the internet most websites make records approachable to professional membership which makes reflection a lot easier too. Professionals can be trained through workplace training which trains a small meeting of professionals within a company(s) on a specific outcome. This method encourages participants to get more involved and can increase their concord of the topic.A full list of CPD activities may includeOpen outer space learning(the internet, video packages, sloping trough/tape packages, correspondence courses)Private study including systematic study of remove literature or research, or even learning a relevant languageTechnical and professional conferences, lectures, seminars, workshops, study tours, technical visits and short coursesCourses leading to professional qualification or academic awards paternity articles for publicationTeaching(for those not at teaching posts)Practice(for those in teaching posts)Preparing papers and contributing to technical meetings and study ag assemblagesExamining, tutoring or mentoring(www.ciob.org.uk-Accessed 26/02/2010)Professional BodiesCPD is crucial to th e success of any working professional. One crucial factor that determines the effectiveness of CPD to a professional is the professional body that provides the platform for this new learning. The majority of professional bodies, such as the CIOB, are non-profit making organisations that are found to support their professional members.They work to try and touch the needs of a specific group of people who work in the same field. Professional bodies simply started out as a group of professionals who got together to discuss relevant issues in their field and share ideas. There are hundreds of these bodies and institutes set up all over the world dealing in a multitude of different professions and even ordinary jobs, from secretaries to project managers.Professional organisations aim to help and direct their members on the road to success. This is achieved by providing the tools to sharpen the professionals skills and association. existence a member means you have unlimited access to all the educational resources and work needed to continue your professional development. They provide members with information, training, education, tips, advice and strategies to assist them in arrive at the height of their professional career.It gives many opportunities to mingle with fellow professionals and employers in their specific field which could be of benefit when seeking career opportunities. This is one major reason why professionals join these organisations, to be recognised by the body and their codes of practice. Membership indicates to the existing or future employers that the individual is dedicated and has want to succeed in their profession.Professional bodies are also there to conjure professionalism in their industry and help push members to achieve the standards of excellence associated with their profession. They are committed to developing and maintaining standards and policies for education within their profession and can also push for social awareness and debate. Some organisations can even influence government and industrial policy decisions.(www.nightcourses.com)CPD within Professional BodiesCPD was originally demonstrable as part of the main objectives set out by these organisations, to instruct their members. This process evolved and continual learning was identified as a icy part of the education process. This identifies clearly with the last triplet decades or so where the world of railway line has changed dramatically in every aspect. Professionals can no longer be content with sufficient skills and knowledge at a point in time, but have to be continually update them to have a chance of survival. Professional bodies can now satisfy these needs through the use of CPD.The following figures from a survey carried out in the UK by the Professions Associations Research Network(PARN) show how astray CPD is used.85% of professional bodies have CPD Policies in place20% required schemes(increased by 3% since 2003)20% obligat ory43% voluntary14% mixed(PARN survey for the International Accounting Education Standards Board(IAESB))Recording Assessing CPDThere are a number of different ways in which CPD can be recorded and assessed. This a crucial part of the process which is creation implemented more and more. Recording what is acquire is beneficial to both the participant and the body who assess them.Input based CPD is the most unremarkably used system where CPD is measurable by recording the amount of time put into the process by the participant through the amount of hours they put in. approximately professional bodies scotch the number of hours a professional needs to put in to progress within the organisation. This system is not as accurate as some other methods as the effort put in by the participant cannot be assessed. Smaller bodies tend to have more excitant-based CPD than the larger bodies as fewer resources are needed to run the programme equalized to other systems. Input-based schemes ar e most commonly used in health, finance, law, line of products and management, with professional bodies with regulatory responsibilities currently favouring input-based schemes.Output-based CPD is another common system where the participant is assessed on what they have learned through CPD over a item of time. A regular associate review is a common method of sagaciousness where experient members of the profession review what has been learned. CPD can be self assessed also where participants reflect on what they have learned and how this can be applied to their daily working lives. Professional bodies may also require their members to complete an assessment or report directly after learning and send it to their body so it can be assessed and recorded. Engineering, construction and media bodies use mostly output-based schemes to assess their members progress.66% of professional bodies measure CPD28% input based(60% in hours/ 24% in points/ 12% other)20% output-based(competency-ba sed/ reflective/ peer review etc)17% combinationMore measurement in other countries like Australia CanadaCPD vibrationThe CPD cycle is similar to most other management cycles and contains four key elements planning, action, evaluation and reflection on action. The cycle can be entered at two points, reflection on practice and action, but incessantly ends at evaluation no matter which starting point is chosen.Reflection on practice-The CPD cycle may start at this submit if you think that you need to learn something maybe by not clear-sighted something that you think you should know or by identifying an inadequacy when completing your everyday job. What needs to be learned may often be identified by look back to any experience in your normal day-to-day work where something stands out or has gone wrong. Reflection on practice can be as simple as a personal vex which you would like to follow up.What do I need to learn?How do I know thats what I need to learn?Planning-Planning is essential to any process carried out in business. It enables the objectives and targets of the CPD to be identified before the process begins and gives people involved a better understanding. By looking back over the previous cycle the individual can work out what needs to be learned and how they can go about learning it. To plan the relevant CPD to be undertaken the participant must be able to identify gaps between current and needed competencies. personalized Development Plans(PDP) are a good way to help you think about where you would like to be professionally in the short, medium or long-term.When do I need to learn it?How important is it for me to learn it?How barely am I going to learn it-what are my options?Action-The CPD cycle can start at action purely by chance through unexpected learning that has occurred without previous planning. This is called unscheduled learning where the individual hadnt consciously set out to learn. Action can also tomboy a part in scheduled lea rningwhere the process starts back at the reflection stage. Schedule learning occurs where an orbit for learning is uncovered and a plan is put in place before action is taken.What have I gained from this action?Evaluation-Evaluation is always the last stage of the CPD cycle and is one of the most important. The aim of this stage is to identify if plans set out and actions taken delivered on what they were set out to achieve and how this learning has been applied. If the objectives were achieved then a full cycle has taken place. CPD may not impact on the individuals work immediately after learning has taken place. The specific CPD cycle can be completed at a later stage when knowledge is put into use.If the process has not or has only partially delivered then the participant has to ensconce whether learning set out still has to slide by or whether the topic lost its relevance along the way.Did I learn what I set out to learn? How have I applied what I have learned?(www.uptodate. org.uk-Accessed 19/02/2010)CPD in ConstructionIntroductionThe need for CPD is widely acknowledged in the construction industry. There are trine main parties that need to co-operate fully in order to trimct the most from CPD, the professional themselves, their employer and the professional body they are a member of. All three have responsibilities to uphold to carry out successful CPD which will be discussed later in the chapter. Other parties that also play a part include the government and independent CPD providers.The Individual ProfessionalWhatever CPD is universe undertaken the individual professional is central and has full control over what is learned and how much development occurs. Motivation is key in this aspect, no motivation means minimal learning and development takes place. Professionals may be self-motivated through their own drive or ambition to achieve this can also be linked to the personality of the professional. Their working environment and the people around them can have significant affect also on a professionals motivation or will to achieve.Construction like many other industries forces the professionals working within it to constantly improve and is neer at a stand still. From the day a professional graduates their skills and knowledge is gradually creation out-dated and need to be improved to keep up to scratch.Most professional bodies set up a framework for their members to work from but it is the individuals own responsibility to implement this framework appropriately. This framework sets out respective(a) techniques to plan, implement, review and evaluate CPD.The EmployerThe employer can be very prestigious on how effective CPD is on the professionals they employ. The employers mind set and understanding of CPD is crucial in facilitating professionals with an adequate environment to carry out CPD. There are many benefits to the employer who invests time and money into the CPD needs of their employees which are explained bel ow.To have the optimal effect employer must encourage their professionals to part take in CPD both at the workplace and with other CPD providers. This may be achieved by allowing professionals time off during working on an ongoing basis to complete outside training courses, in-house training and other CPD events. Employers co-funding of CPD is also important to show the professional that they are world backed by their employer and that there is no monetary downside on the professional by completing CPD.The employees of a good company are one of its most important assets. Supporting professionals CPD reaps many benefits for the company as a whole in the long run. Professionals become more competent in their jobs, increasing job satisfaction, and have a wider knowledge of the overall construction industry. They can also boost the knowledge and skills they have in a specific field and learn more about other areas in which they have an interest in. This may give them an extra dimens ion when opportunities in that area occur.Through allowing professionals to be trained and apprised outside of the company, a stead stream of fresh knowledge and techniques is constantly flowing into the company. These techniques and knowledge can then be passed down to other employees and used throughout the company.CPD CostsThe cost of attending seminars can be offset, by definite practices and self-employed professionals, against tax as a business expense.Professional Bodies in ConstructionProfessional bodies are the key to the cash advance of any professional in construction. Without them there would be no base for the continual learning and development of professionals outside their workplace. They provide a fitting environment and many useful resources for professionals to increase their knowledge and sharpen their skills. all(prenominal) institutions definition of CPD varies to some extent and their policies tend to go in line with their interpretation of what CPD is. ju st the majority agree that CPD is essential. CPD was applied to the construction area in the eighties and has become a crucial part of all professions involved in construction.The affects CPD has on a bodys members depends on how well their CPD policy is structured and how well the policy is implemented. Both are vital factors and need to be assessed before and during implementation to ensure they impact successfully on members.The core group of four professional bodies, studied later, within the construction industry are all old and ceremonious institutes, but they are the professional bodies of a large percentage of Irish professionals in the industry today. They are all well over 100 years old, whether they were established in Ireland or established in Britain and an Irish branch formed. These four institutes cater for managers, engineers, surveyors of every kind and architects in construction, but may also accept various other professionals whose work relates to construction bu t are not necessarily linked to construction as a whole profession, lawyers or legal professionals are a prime example.Some professionals can interlink between institutes and become a member in both if the specific area they are working in isContinuing Professional Development (CPD) in ConstructionContinuing Professional Development (CPD) in ConstructionAbstractThe following dissertation focuses on a personal development technique called Continuing Professional Development (CPD). With the world of construction constantly changing, professionals in the industry need to keep up to speed with the changing elements of the industry nationally and internationally.This dissertation assesses the CPD process that the industrys institutions provide for members and assesses how CPD is carried out. It also looks at how beneficial CPD is to the professionals who participate and the company they work for.By the end of this dissertation the role of these institutions should be easily identifiable in professional development and how participation can give working professionals a competitive edge on-site and help them progress in their careers both in and outside their existing company.This dissertation also encapsulates the opinions of some of the professional members of the industry involved in CPD. It will assess how CPD has influenced them in their career and will make recommendations on how to refine the process.IntroductionThis chapter explains the core elements of the study which includes a definition, hypothesis, aims and objectives, parameters of study and research methodology.Definition of TopicThe definition of CPD in general is continual learning, regardless of age or seniority, which focuses on professional competency in a professional role. Its aim is to improve personal performance and enhance career progression.Over recent years the benefits of structured CPD have been identified within the construction industry. To become a chartered professional under a const ruction based institution(e.g. the Chartered Institute of Building(CIOB)) professionals must show they have been involved in a structured CPD process. Records must be maintained to show this before professionals may transgress.With the current economic climate, construction professionals need to keep their knowledge and skills to the optimum to ensure progression within their company and give them an advantage when looking for work elsewhere. CPD not only applies to the working professional but also to those unemployed who want to increase their chances when opportunities occur.HypothesisCPD improves the performance and enhances the career progression of a professional in the construction industry.Aim of DissertationThe aim of this dissertation is to produce a piece of work that explains the process of CPD in relation to the construction industry. The dissertation will also assess the advantages of CPD identify why it is important and how it can be improved.ObjectivesThe objectives of this dissertation are toExplain what CPD is in general and in a construction context.Identify which construction related professional institutes provide a structured CPD system for their members.Assess CPD within these institutes compare advantages or disadvantages of each and recommend measures to improve their CPD systems effectiveness.Establish how important CPD is to each participants professional performance, development and career progression.Establish how important effective CPD is to a professionals performance and the company that employ them.Gather together the opinion of working professional in the construction industry on the benefits of CPD.Parameter of StudyThis study contains a general overview of CPD in terms of professionalism as a whole in any career path. It then focuses on CPD specifically in the construction industry and gives an in depth analysis of the role of professional institutes and its members who participate. It also identifies how important CPD is t he construction industry today, both to the individual themselves and the company that employ them.Research MethodologyThere were a number of different methods of research used to complete this study including both primary and secondary research which are detailed below.Secondary ResearchBooksVarious books were sourced both in the GMIT library and the online library of the CIOB. These books and extracts from books were used as a reference and for background information and reading. Some books covered CPD overall and others covered CPD specifically in the construction industry.Electronic JournalsOfficial Reports SurveysMany of the reports and surveys read were carried out within the last decade in regard to the construction industry as well as CPD in other professions across the UK and in Ireland. These gave a good insight into CPD in other professions, what elements of CPD are important and in what direction CPD in construction is heading.InternetThere was a mass of information ava ilable on the internet which contained both up-to-date and older material. Not all sources found were reliable, but pockets of valid information was uncovered throughout my research on the internet. Much background information was found which was helpful in getting different partys opinions on CPD and how it should be carried out.Many official websites were also useful in getting information on how CPD is provided to individuals by professional bodies both in construction and outside too. A lot of information was gathered through these sites to establish how CPD was made available to construction professionals.Primary ResearchThe four leading professional bodies in construction were chosen as the basis of my primary study. These include the Chartered Institute of Building(CIOB), the Society of Chartered Surveyors(SCS), Engineers Ireland(IEI) and the Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland(RIAI). All four institutes have many members from various construction backgrounds and play a major role in the development of these professionals through CPD.Information on their CPD policy and practice was gathered and semi-structured interviews were then carried out with the relevant staff members of each institute to consolidate the information collected. Interviews were also carried out with members of the different institutes to get the receivers point of view.Format of StudyThis thesis will be carried out using the following chapterIntroduction to CPDIn Chapter 2 CPD will be looked at in relation to the entire working world. CPD can be applied to any profession but also has similarities to the personal development of an individual. With the global economy rapidly evolving, new patterns of work and learning have emerged worldwide. Massive growth in sectors like information technology(IT) means that people working in that sector need to keep up with the changes or they will be left behind.The main purpose of continuing development personally is to maximise enjoyment of work and life. accordingly we need to be continually responding to the changing world around us.Are you living to work or working to live?(Megginson Whitaker, 2007)Continuing Professional Development(CPD) is based around the whole concept self-motivation and self management. It all depends on how motivated the participant is to learn about the career they are undertaking and can apply to any professional in the working world. It is particularly relevant to professions such as teaching, nursing and accountancy where ongoing learning is crucial.(Megginson Whitaker 2007)The most precious asset any professional controls is knowledge of the discipline and the skill to apply it effectively. Over the long run it is more important to maintain the value of this asset than the office, the furniture, the computer hardware, or even the bank account.(www.riai.ie/cpd Accessed 19/02/2010)History of CPDCPD has been around in various different forms for a long time. It is only over the past 25 y ears that CPD has been formalised and endorsed by professional membership bodies. Its history is as follows1850 Professionals met up in coffee houses to discuss practice and share notes1984 Chartered Institute of Personal Development(CIPD) created a policy statement on CPD1986 Construction Industry Council(CIC) defined CPD1990 UK Inter-Professional Group(UKIPG 1977) CPD Forum set-up1995 CPD becomes a requirement for all practicing CIPD Members1999 CIC definition of CPD most commonly cited definition2000 Institute of Professional Development(IPD) was granted a Royal Charter2009 Aspirations to move from input to output and outcome-driven CPD schemes(Institute of Continuing Professional Development(ICPD)What is CPD?CPD is a process completed by the majority of professionals in the working world, either consciously or unconsciously. Its main purpose is to implement a system of continue learning and development separate to what they would learn through their daily work. Two definitions o f CPD are as followsContinuing Professional Development(CPD) is the process by which individuals take control of their own learning and development, by engaging in an on-going process of reflection and action.(Megginson, Whitaker, 2007)The systematic maintenance, improvement and broadening of knowledge and skills and the development of personal qualities necessary for execution of professional and technical duties throughout the individuals working life.(Construction Industry Council, UK, 1986)CPD has many functions in the role of a professional. It ensures the professional maintains a high level of competence in their field and has the up-to-date skills and knowledge to provide a competent service to their client or employer. CPD also has a knock-on effect which encourages further development in many areas.This process empowers the individual to achieve their goals and encourages them to look at their career progression from a wider perspective. Self-motivation is a key element in this process, where the individual is the main driving force behind this new learning. It is their own responsibility to develop themselves and is not up their manager or employer. If the individual has no desire to learn CPD is a pointless process.Feedback from a CPD survey in 2008 indicates that members see two key benefits in undertaking CPD It helps them maintain their knowledge and skills, and maintain professional and ethical standards.(PARN CPD survey 2008)Need for CPDCPD has evolved from the individuals thinking that career progression not only relates to secure job within an organisation but by the skills, knowledge and experiences obtained by the individual. CPD is also needed to ensure working professionals are providing an adequate service to their clients and employers. Services such as advice must be given so that changes to the environment associated with the decision are taken into account. This ensures the client gets the best service available for the fee paid.Soon to be professionals also need to maintain an adequate amount of CPD to progress to the next stage towards becoming chartered in most organisations. This goes a long way to fulfilling their need towards becoming a competent professional.Core Concepts of CPDHow is CPD different to other types of training and development?The learner is in control-the whole CPD process is self-driven and managed where learning outcomes are directly proportionate to the time and effort participant puts into the process. They must be self- motivated, which means the participant must want to continue learning to be successful no matter what position or profession.It can apply to most aspects of life-CPD can apply to life outside work as well. For example, personal development can be achieved through implementing some of the knowledge or skills to improve family communications etc.There is a regular plan, do and evaluate process involved, which sets achievable goals and reflects on work put in which can sp urs on further development.CPD can be beneficial without the support of others in their working environment. All professionals can complete CPD regardless of working situation, whether they work for a company or are self-employed and deal directly with their own clients. Of course support from employer would be more beneficial but it is not essential as interaction is mostly between the professional body and individual. Although some employers incorporate CPD into the training and development programmes of all employees.Methods of Learning through CPDCPD revolves around the whole learning process and the methods with which learning is provided is a very important part of the process. These methods ensure professionals can improve their skills and knowledge and gain relevant experience.Formal, non-formal and informal methods of learning include any process relevant to a profession that improves skills, knowledge and the experiences of a professional. CPD activities can include in-hou se training, open learning, conferences, seminars, workshops, structured reading, self-study, presentations and being a coach or mentor.Structured Unstructured CPDAll CPD comes under the heading of structured or unstructured CPD. Structured CPD is where the learning outcomes are identified in advance of learning. This CPD does not have to be provided or accredited by the participants institution or professional body. Structured CPD covers any educational event or programme run by a recognised educational or professional institution. Structured CPD must also be accompanied by attendance records or a certificate to prove process has been successfully completed.Unstructured CPD is an unplanned CPD activity that can be completed at any time or anywhere at the participants discretion. Activities that qualify as unstructured CPD include personal study or development, peer review and other activities such as case studies that are not part of other course requirements. Reflection on both o f these CPD learning methods is crucial before CPD can be recorded.CPD methods of learning do not necessarily need to be provided by a professional body. They can be provided by an employer or other organisation which then can be accredited by the body as a worthwhile process.Constant reading of up to date reports, journals, magazines, newspapers and reviews relevant to a specific profession is probably the most common method. Reading is a very easy way of learning if the reader has an interest in the subject and puts the effort in to focus and concentrate on what they are reading.It is a very efficient method as it can be resumed over the space of a few minutes and it does not entail the use of another individuals time. Time management is a massive element in any professionals working life where they are always working to tight schedule. This means they may only have a few minutes a day to set aside for CPD of which reading is the perfect filler.Conferences and the gathering of pro fessionals at CPD events are a fixed way of delivering CPD to practicing professionals. These may take place every few months and give attendees a chance to catch up with fellow professionals and discuss relevant issues. They may exchange ideas or opinions and can get in touch with useful contacts which may be important in the future.Seminars and lectures are also common where a leader of a profession may speak or organise a talk on issues that are changing the roles and lives of a professional or the industry they work in. Experts in the field may be asked to explain some new issue and give an opinion on what should be done. It is very important for professional bodies to hold these gatherings as it can influence and guide the way in which professionals across the world carry out there work.With resources on the internet constantly being upgraded it has now become very beneficial to CPD. Information is now much more accessible to the professional in their workplace, this method of learning is commonly known as e-learning. Readable information does not necessarily need to be sent to the professionals workplace anymore as these sources are now regularly being uploaded on professional body websites which are available 24 hours a day. This means waiting times are virtually eliminated as most magazines, reports and other such information are now available on the internet.Videos of seminars, conferences and podcasts can now be easily accessed which means information can be dispersed quickly and accurately straight to the professionals computer. This is a major time saving method as travelling times are eliminated and a much wider audience can be reached at one time. Assessments can also be uploaded onto a professional bodys website immediately after learning has taken place or can be submitted by email at any time. Records are much more easily kept when communicating through the internet most websites make records accessible to professional membership which makes r eflection a lot easier too.Professionals can be trained through workplace training which trains a small group of professionals within a company(s) on a specific topic. This method encourages participants to get more involved and can increase their understanding of the topic.A full list of CPD activities may includeOpen distance learning(the internet, video packages, slide/tape packages, correspondence courses)Private study including systematic study of appropriate literature or research, or even learning a relevant languageTechnical and professional conferences, lectures, seminars, workshops, study tours, technical visits and short coursesCourses leading to professional qualification or academic awardsWriting articles for publicationTeaching(for those not at teaching posts)Practice(for those in teaching posts)Preparing papers and contributing to technical meetings and study groupsExamining, tutoring or mentoring(www.ciob.org.uk-Accessed 26/02/2010)Professional BodiesCPD is crucial t o the success of any working professional. One crucial factor that determines the effectiveness of CPD to a professional is the professional body that provides the platform for this new learning. The majority of professional bodies, such as the CIOB, are non-profit making organisations that are established to support their professional members.They work to try and satisfy the needs of a specific group of people who work in the same field. Professional bodies simply started out as a group of professionals who got together to discuss relevant issues in their field and share ideas. There are hundreds of these bodies and institutes set up all over the world dealing in a multitude of different professions and even ordinary jobs, from secretaries to project managers.Professional organisations aim to assist and direct their members on the road to success. This is achieved by providing the tools to sharpen the professionals skills and knowledge. Being a member means you have unlimited acces s to all the educational resources and services needed to continue your professional development. They provide members with information, training, education, tips, advice and strategies to assist them in reaching the height of their professional career.It gives many opportunities to mingle with fellow professionals and employers in their specific field which could be of benefit when seeking career opportunities. This is one major reason why professionals join these organisations, to be recognised by the body and their codes of practice. Membership indicates to the existing or future employers that the individual is dedicated and has ambition to succeed in their profession.Professional bodies are also there to promote professionalism in their industry and help push members to achieve the standards of excellence associated with their profession. They are committed to developing and maintaining standards and policies for education within their profession and can also push for social aw areness and debate. Some organisations can even influence government and industrial policy decisions.(www.nightcourses.com)CPD within Professional BodiesCPD was originally developed as part of the main objectives set out by these organisations, to educate their members. This process evolved and continual learning was identified as a pivotal part of the education process. This identifies clearly with the last three decades or so where the world of business has changed dramatically in every aspect. Professionals can no longer be content with sufficient skills and knowledge at a point in time, but have to be continually updating them to have a chance of survival. Professional bodies can now satisfy these needs through the use of CPD.The following figures from a survey carried out in the UK by the Professions Associations Research Network(PARN) show how widely CPD is used.85% of professional bodies have CPD Policies in place20% compulsory schemes(increased by 3% since 2003)20% obligator y43% voluntary14% mixed(PARN survey for the International Accounting Education Standards Board(IAESB))Recording Assessing CPDThere are a number of different ways in which CPD can be recorded and assessed. This a crucial part of the process which is being implemented more and more. Recording what is learned is beneficial to both the participant and the body who assess them.Input based CPD is the most commonly used system where CPD is measured by recording the amount of time put into the process by the participant through the amount of hours they put in. Most professional bodies regulate the number of hours a professional needs to put in to progress within the organisation. This system is not as accurate as some other methods as the effort put in by the participant cannot be assessed. Smaller bodies tend to have more input-based CPD than the larger bodies as fewer resources are needed to run the programme compared to other systems. Input-based schemes are most commonly used in health , finance, law, business and management, with professional bodies with regulatory responsibilities currently favouring input-based schemes.Output-based CPD is another common system where the participant is assessed on what they have learned through CPD over a period of time. A regular peer review is a common method of assessment where experienced members of the profession review what has been learned. CPD can be self assessed also where participants reflect on what they have learned and how this can be applied to their daily working lives. Professional bodies may also require their members to complete an assessment or report directly after learning and send it to their body so it can be assessed and recorded. Engineering, construction and media bodies use mostly output-based schemes to assess their members progress.66% of professional bodies measure CPD28% input based(60% in hours/ 24% in points/ 12% other)20% output-based(competency-based/ reflective/ peer review etc)17% combinatio nMore measurement in other countries like Australia CanadaCPD CycleThe CPD cycle is similar to most other management cycles and contains four key elements planning, action, evaluation and reflection on action. The cycle can be entered at two points, reflection on practice and action, but always ends at evaluation no matter which starting point is chosen.Reflection on practice-The CPD cycle may start at this stage if you think that you need to learn something maybe by not knowing something that you think you should know or by identifying an inadequacy when completing your day-to-day job. What needs to be learned may often be identified by looking back to any experience in your normal day-to-day work where something stands out or has gone wrong. Reflection on practice can be as simple as a personal interest which you would like to follow up.What do I need to learn?How do I know thats what I need to learn?Planning-Planning is essential to any process carried out in business. It enable s the objectives and targets of the CPD to be identified before the process begins and gives people involved a better understanding. By looking back over the previous cycle the individual can work out what needs to be learned and how they can go about learning it. To plan the relevant CPD to be undertaken the participant must be able to identify gaps between current and needed competencies.Personal Development Plans(PDP) are a good way to help you think about where you would like to be professionally in the short, medium or long-term.When do I need to learn it?How important is it for me to learn it?How exactly am I going to learn it-what are my options?Action-The CPD cycle can start at action purely by chance through unexpected learning that has occurred without previous planning. This is called unscheduled learning where the individual hadnt consciously set out to learn. Action can also play a part in scheduled learningwhere the process starts back at the reflection stage. Schedule learning occurs where an area for learning is uncovered and a plan is put in place before action is taken.What have I gained from this action?Evaluation-Evaluation is always the last stage of the CPD cycle and is one of the most important. The aim of this stage is to identify if plans set out and actions taken delivered on what they were set out to achieve and how this learning has been applied. If the objectives were achieved then a full cycle has taken place. CPD may not impact on the individuals work immediately after learning has taken place. The specific CPD cycle can be completed at a later stage when knowledge is put into use.If the process has not or has only partially delivered then the participant has to decide whether learning set out still has to happen or whether the topic lost its relevance along the way.Did I learn what I set out to learn? How have I applied what I have learned?(www.uptodate.org.uk-Accessed 19/02/2010)CPD in ConstructionIntroductionThe need for CPD i s widely acknowledged in the construction industry. There are three main parties that need to co-operate fully in order to extract the most from CPD, the professional themselves, their employer and the professional body they are a member of. All three have responsibilities to uphold to carry out successful CPD which will be discussed later in the chapter. Other parties that also play a part include the government and independent CPD providers.The Individual ProfessionalWhatever CPD is being undertaken the individual professional is central and has full control over what is learned and how much development occurs. Motivation is key in this aspect, no motivation means minimal learning and development takes place. Professionals may be self-motivated through their own drive or ambition to achieve this can also be linked to the personality of the professional. Their working environment and the people around them can have significant affect also on a professionals motivation or will to ac hieve.Construction like many other industries forces the professionals working within it to constantly improve and is never at a stand still. From the day a professional graduates their skills and knowledge is gradually being out-dated and need to be improved to keep up to scratch.Most professional bodies set up a framework for their members to work from but it is the individuals own responsibility to implement this framework appropriately. This framework sets out various techniques to plan, implement, review and evaluate CPD.The EmployerThe employer can be very influential on how effective CPD is on the professionals they employ. The employers mind set and understanding of CPD is crucial in facilitating professionals with an adequate environment to carry out CPD. There are many benefits to the employer who invests time and money into the CPD needs of their employees which are explained below.To have the optimum effect employer must encourage their professionals to part take in CPD both at the workplace and with other CPD providers. This may be achieved by allowing professionals time off during working on an ongoing basis to complete external training courses, in-house training and other CPD events. Employers co-funding of CPD is also important to show the professional that they are being backed by their employer and that there is no financial downside on the professional by completing CPD.The employees of a good company are one of its most important assets. Supporting professionals CPD reaps many benefits for the company as a whole in the long run. Professionals become more competent in their jobs, increasing job satisfaction, and have a wider knowledge of the overall construction industry. They can also boost the knowledge and skills they have in a specific field and learn more about other areas in which they have an interest in. This may give them an extra dimension when opportunities in that area occur.Through allowing professionals to be trained and advis ed outside of the company, a stead stream of fresh knowledge and techniques is constantly flowing into the company. These techniques and knowledge can then be passed down to other employees and used throughout the company.CPD CostsThe cost of attending seminars can be offset, by certain practices and self-employed professionals, against tax as a business expense.Professional Bodies in ConstructionProfessional bodies are the key to the advancement of any professional in construction. Without them there would be no base for the continual learning and development of professionals outside their workplace. They provide a suitable environment and many useful resources for professionals to increase their knowledge and sharpen their skills.Each institutions definition of CPD varies to some extent and their policies tend to go in line with their interpretation of what CPD is. However the majority agree that CPD is essential. CPD was applied to the construction area in the 1980s and has becom e a crucial part of all professions involved in construction.The affects CPD has on a bodys members depends on how well their CPD policy is structured and how well the policy is implemented. Both are vital factors and need to be assessed before and during implementation to ensure they impact successfully on members.The core group of four professional bodies, studied later, within the construction industry are all old and established institutes, but they are the professional bodies of a large percentage of Irish professionals in the industry today. They are all well over 100 years old, whether they were established in Ireland or established in Britain and an Irish branch formed. These four institutes cater for managers, engineers, surveyors of every kind and architects in construction, but may also accept various other professionals whose work relates to construction but are not necessarily linked to construction as a whole profession, lawyers or legal professionals are a prime examp le.Some professionals can interlink between institutes and become a member in both if the specific area they are working in is

Analysis of Canadas Healthcare System

outline of Canadas health tutelage schema intromissionCanada is a developed country located in the northern vary of North America. In 1867, it became a self-governing state bit retaining its suck with the British crown. When it comes to scotch and technology, Canada is developing in par in allel to its neighbour to the south, which is the joined State of America. It is a piece of the Commonwealth of Nations, with a democratic extreme monarchy as their form of governance. In the past years, Canadas politics faces the challenges of gain the universes demands for quality improvement in education, social go, economical competitiveness and wellness maintenance.The wellness grapple system in Canada is funded popularally and delivered on a eclogue or territorial basis, within a guidelines treated by the federal authorities (Canadian wellness C ar, cc7). Every Canadian citizens ar translated with preventative service and health check treatments from general p ractiti geniusrs at the equivalent time having access to hospitalisation, dental surgery and other(a) health check services. However, in the past few years Canadas wellness bring off System is approach controversy be accept of its soaring be.INCREASING COST OF UNIVERSAL wellness CARE IN CANADAAccording to a latest study (Esmail N., Palacios M., 2013), conducted by the Fraser Institute with the title The Price of Public Health Care indemnity 2013 Edition, the honest Canadian household now pays approximately $7,860 in enforce revenuees for health address insurance., which is 53.3% full(prenominal)er than of in 2003. Over the past go the constitute of health care in Canada doubled and is believe to exceed the $200 billion budget mark.Canadas health care costs unfold to grow at a faster rate than the governments revenue, largely driven by spending on prescription drugs. In the last five years, yet, growth rates in pharmaceutical spending have been matched by hospital sp ending and over shoot forn by physician spending, in the first place due to increased provider remuneration (Marchildon G., 2013).In minimal brain dysfunctionition, this trend is handlewise pissd by what the health system spends on doctors, which rose by an average of 6.8 % every year. Of that value, 3.6% was caused by the increase in physicians fees. collapse driving factors for the increase in healthcare costs are population growth, aging population and increased health care demand.Consequently, this rise in Canadas universal health care costs is said to be the reason why the government has limited ability to provide other services much(prenominal) as education, transportation and pension benefits. Increased health care costs go forth results into higher labor costs, which might cause companies to hire lesser deformers, produce less output, or raise their prices. The high expenditure for health causes the budget for other government programs and priorities be restricted. movement ON CANADAS ECONOMYThe abrupt rise in health care costs and insurance can affect several part of the economy. The rise in health care costs can cause job growth to slow down because it costs companies more than money to add mod employees. Wage increases have as well slowed for current employees, since companies must(prenominal) spend more money on health care premiums. The public sector includes the federal, state and municipal governments. The public sector is dealing with costs rising more than revenues. This places a high degree of examination on discretionary health care spending. Companies are faced with rising health care spending often cut other expenses, such as reducing health care benefits, requiring employees to pay a larger contend of their health care benefits, or reducing wage increases.Furthermore, increasing health care costs can cause Canadas goods and services to be less competitive in the international markets. If all other factors stay constant, the increasing health care costs will most credibly be reflected in final product costs and depending on how cursorily costs rise in other countries this may result in more pricey goods and services.IMPACT ON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL wellness CARE POLICYThe soaring cost of healthcare is a magnetic core to a country in so many ways. For the community, this increase elbow room that there is less money in their savings and triggering hard choices in balancing food, rent and regarded care. For small companies, it will make it harder for them to add new employees, more difficult to maintain insurance coverage for retiree and makes them not competitive globally. The effect of it in the local government is it will lean to higher medicare cost thus reducing funding on other priorities such as infrastructure, public safety and education.The governments activities to decrease the burden of high health care cost includes funding and facilitating entropy gathering and research to reg ulating prescription drugs and public health while continuing to assume the national dimensions of medicare through large funding removes to the provinces and territories. The governments fall in through conferences, councils and working groups comprised of ministers and deputy ministers of health. Nongovernmental organizations at both federal and provincial levels influence policy direction and the management of public health care in Canada.One of the policy is that only physicians are legally allowed to impose a full range of pharmaceutical therapies. However, in recent years, a number of provincial governments have transposed their laws and regulations in target to permit approximately providers, including nurse practitioners, pharmacists and dentists, to have limited authority to prescribe pharmaceutical therapies within their respective scopes of practice.Policy makers should develop funding strategies that will contain the cost of delivering health care and providing ec onomic stimulus to increase provincial and territorial revenues or income, while maintaining the delivery of quality healthcare services to all Canadians.POLICY INTERVENTION SOLUTIONSEDUCATION AND TRAININGIn addressing the issue of expensive cost of healthcare, one of the possible solution is the population-wide health education more or less prevention and any other relevant information nigh health. The government can launch self-care programmes that would lessen the demand for consultation and hospitalisation. Self -care programmes includes the unhurried as the expert approach, business firm self-monitoring techniques and the use of latest gadgets and technology such as mobile phones, computers and telemedicines.In general, these self-care programmes trains and empowers the mint to be involved in their own care and be able to manage their own condition. It also includes interventions that imparts knowledge and skills to the people to participate in decision making, to monitor and take in the disease and the change in behaviour thus decreasing the misadventure of seeking expensive medical services.TAX BENEFITS AND PAYMENT TO CAREGIVERIn Canadas Economic Action Plan (CEAC, nd), the government is committed to appreciate the sacrifies that many citizens exerts to take care of their children, spouses, parents and other family members with health issue. In support of this objective, Budget 2011 introduced a new Family Care hallowr Tax Credit to provide tax relief to those who care for an infirm dependent relative .This maiden provides tax relief to those who care for an infirm dependent relative, including, for the first time, spouses, precedent partners and minor children.Same with direct payments from government, such as agriculture subsidies or social security benefits, tax benefits and payment are given straight away(p) to the citizen in exchange of accomplishing a desired behavior. As a result, tax credits permit individual discretion on spending p referably than the government dictating spending priorities for each someone.The availability of tax credits is probably most beneficial to people with lower incomes,because low income families often cannot give up a salary to provide full-time care, nor do their jobs introduce flexibility that would allow them to mix caretaking and working.A tax credit for individuals is a simple concentration of notes from the whole economy onto a peculiar(prenominal) population segment, assuming the tax credit is paid for with general revenues. In this manner the governments expenditure on universal healthcare is somewhat reduced. In addition to that, there is a lesser need for aged care facility, disability care or hospital care since health care provider can perform home care.RESPITE CARE warmth for a disabled or old family member can be challenging, potentially impacting caregivers health, mental health, work, social relationships, and quality of life. To alleviate caregiver stress, alt er caregivers to better cope with the demands of caring for a loved one, and improve caregiver and care recipient outcomes, many interventions have been developed.A short-term let out for people and their carer/support person is called falling out Support. This short-term abound is usually done away from home and overnight. relievo services are fitted out(p) to meet the take of a disabled person while away from home and their usual support, and aim to create a positive endure for the person. Carer Support enables a usual caregiver to take a break from supporting a person by providing an alternative carer.Moreover, respite care is a vital part of the overall support that families need to harbor their family members with a disability or chronic illness at home. Respite care is temporary care to persons with disabilities or special health care needs, including individuals at risk of abuse or neglect, or in crisis situations.Respite care can be an effective cost-saving measure that Canadas government can venture more. In US, there is an estimated 50 million family caregivers nationwide that provide at least $375 billion in uncompensated services an amount almost as high as Medicare spending and more than total spending for Medicaid, including both federal and state contri justions and both medical and long-term care ($311 billion in 2005) (Gibson and Hauser, 2008).BUSINESS REGULATIONS COMBINING compute AND CAREGIVINGCaregiver can be defined as a person or individual who provides care or assistance to a member of the family in their home or the care recipients home who has a mental or physical disability, is chronically ill, old or who is on a palliative care. Caregiving is a difficult task but family members tend to naturally take care of their love ones and resort to medical institutions when the burden is too much. These caregivers might find it hard to balance their work and their family obligation.The government can addressed this issue by mandating businesses to allow employees to take medical leave to take care of a disabled or sick relatives. After the medical leave, the employee should be restored of the original job or to an equivalent job. By doing this business regulations, there is less demand for health services, nursing homes, disability services thus helping the government salve the cost for healthcare.REFERENCESCanadian Health Care (2007), Introduction. Retrieved fromhttp//www.canadian-healthcare.org/Esmail N., Palacios M., (2013), The Price of Public Health Care Insurance 2013 Edition, Fraser Institute.Marchildon G. (2013), Health Systems in Transition Canada Health System Review, University of Regina, Canada.CEAC, (n.d.), Family Caregiver Tax Credit Canadas Economic Action Plan, Retrieved fromhttp//actionplan.gc.ca/en/initiative/family-caregiver-tax-creditGibson, Hauser (2008), Valuing the In semiprecious A new look at the economic value of family-caregiving, Public Policy Institute, Washington.Analysis of Canad as Healthcare SystemAnalysis of Canadas Healthcare SystemCanadian Health CareCanada is regarded as having one of the best health care services systems in the world. All Canadians residents are suitable to health care irrespective of income and health. However, like any benefit, there are a few exceptions that are governed in the policies of the provincial or federal governments. Although this system benefits Canadians immensely, there are still some people debating that by privatizing health care, better health care services would be available. However, another aspect of this is that the premium health care services would be only be affordable by the wealthy.The Canada Health Act was passed in 1984 by the parliament. This act established its principles on 5 main criteria1. handiness all ensure Canadians should have reasonable access to all health care services, as well as all health care providers must be equally compensated for the services provided.2. Portability any control C anadian that moves to a different province is permitted to health care coverage for a territorial hardened waiting menstruation.3. Universality all Canadians insured by the Canada Health Act are eligible to equal levels of health care.4. Public administration all of the administration of health services needs to be done on a non-profit basis by a public authority.5. Comprehensiveness all health care services determined by the provinces require to be insured.The province and territories manage and provide the necessitate health insurance to all its residents. In order to be eligible for health care benefits, the residents need to apply for a provincial health card. Once, the health card is issued, the individual is eligible to receive free health care for all necessary health services as listed by the province they reside in. There is a maximum waiting period of 3 months in being able to receive health care, for new residents.Some provinces provide additional health care services in addition to what is listed in the Canadian Health Care Act however they are not required to provide any additional services than what is stated in the Act. For any additional health care service, like dental or optometry, people usually get private insurance, or employers give additional insurance to their employees.Health care funding is provided by both provincial and federal taxation from both individual and incorporated income taxes. Additional financing is also obtained from sales taxes and proceeds from the lottery. Additional funds are delivered to the provinces by the federal government through the Canadian Health and Social give. The funds are paid by notes contributions and tax raptus and to the provinces.The Canadian Health and Social Transfer is a transfer of funds from the federal government to the provinces for post-secondary education, health care, and social assistance. The provincial governments are not required to show the use of the transfer income therefor e the pct used for health care is unknown. Although provinces may choose to spend this transfer as they choose, they have to follow the Canadian Health Act and they cannot impose any residency restrictions for the social assistance. If these two conditions are not met the cash transfer to the provinces can be reduced.The Canadian Health and Social Transfer is distributed to the provinces at an equal per capita entitlement, but the cash transfer, which is dependent on the conditions set by the federal government, will vary across provinces. In order to receive an equal average of entitlements, provinces that have higher earnings will get more tax transfers, whereas the other provinces will receive more cash transfers.Critics of the health care system state that there should be a record of the federal governments contribution towards health care. Recommended solutions to this are to both separate the Canadian Health and Social Transfer into three separate parts, showing amounts for h ealth, post-secondary education and social assistance or to separate the health care portion from the latter two portions.Since 1984, there have been many changes to the Canada Health Act, and it will continue to evolve as the requirements of the society change along with the advancements in the world of medicine. Regardless of what number of commentators has to say about the health care system, it is still viewed as the most successful and valuable health care systems of the modern era.BibliographyThe Canada Health and Social Transfer. (2000). Retrieved from http//www.lop.parl.gc.ca/Content/ apparel/ResearchPublications/tips/tip55-e.htmCanadian Health Care Health Care and Politics. (2007). Retrieved from http//www.canadian-healthcare.org/page10.htmlCanadian Health Care Canada Health Act. (2007). Retrieved from http//www.canadian-healthcare.org/page2.htmlCanadas Health Care System. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/pubs/system-regime/2011-hcs-sss/index-eng.phpCan adas health care system. (2016). Retrieved from http//healthycanadians.gc.ca/health-system-systeme-sante/system-systeme/about-apropos-eng.php

Foreign Investment In The Philippines Marketing Essay

Foreign Investment In The Filipinos Marketing Essay after(prenominal) researching the background of the Philippines economic in ally, politically and socially, our follow believes that it is ready to venture our chore into the Philippines. What good-hearted of business concern ara should the ph angiotensin-converting enzymer look into that is not only suitable for the topical anesthetic but as well as profitable to the participation? In course of study 2012, Philippines population has spended 103,775,002 and the change magnitude numbers of population has made the country the twelfth largest population in the world to mean solar day (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). Due to the increasing population, it has opened up opportunity for hostile companies such(prenominal) as ours to earn business coronations in the Philippines. There ar numbers of persistence that our corporation rear end look into when thinking of doing business in the Philippines, for example the h otel natural covering.Philippines is wellhead known for their beautiful beaches islands and attractive tourist destination thus tourism is one of the main sparing in the Philippines. The spokes mortal of Philippines Tourism, Abigail Valte, states that tourism has contributed US$12.83billion for the country and it has not only helps the economics of citizens of Philippines but it in any case contributes to their change standard of vivification (Eturbo nakeds, 2012).Besides the hotel intentness, it is recommended that our lodge looks at stepping into the solid nourishment for thought and drunkenness pains. This is because eating good f be has become one of the Filipinos habits. An average person pass on consume tercet heavy meals in a day but an average Pinoy stinker actually eat ab extinct 7 to 8 heavy meals which consists of the normal breakfast, snacks, lunch and dinner and additional of three meals which be merienda, pica-pica, pulutan. (Matthew Sutherland, 2010) . Not only that, their love of food is proven when 0.8 out of 1 of their advertisements talks intimately food whether you are in a bus or cab, and advertisements on television channels also pull up stakes acknowledge food (Panda B, 2011).Lastly, venturing into the dash sell manufacture in the Philippines brush off be another option. selling has been one of the major(ip) contributors in business sector offering to the locals as well as one of the reasons behind of the succeeder of the Philippines economy. According to The Philippine Retailers Association, selling has contributed 15 percent of their gross depicted object product (The Philippine Retailers Association, 2012). Other than that, Americans and the Spanish sport exposed Filipinos to Hesperian culture since the colonization. In addition, pinoys al slipway wanted to look for raw gadgets and habilitate that are in the catamenia market. Moreover, because of globalization and the use of the Internet, famous cos tume stags such as Zara is successful within the Philippines.Retail Clothing fabricationOur accompany should also consider venturing into the retail fashion and uni cast industry in the Philippines. Retail clothing or apparel refers to the sales of products such as menswear, womens wear, and childrens clothes to consumers usually from a physical store in an area.The retail industry has seen tremendous growth over the past several(prenominal) eld in the Philippines. According to the Philippine Retailers Association (2012), the retail industry contributes slightly 15% to the integrality gross national product (GNP) of Philippines. Further more(prenominal), the retail sector piddles employment for approximately 5.25 million people, akin to 18% of the re stringention force in the Philippines. Retail industry constitutes 33% to the Philippine advantage sector (Philippine Retailers Association, 2012). Therefore, it is possible for our company to benefit from the retail sector i n the Philippines. The growth potential in the retail sector for our company is relatively positive.In 2010, Business Monitor International (BMI) reported in the Q111 BMI Philippines Retail Report that retail sales were forecasted to grow from PHP1.40 one thousand thousand (US$31.42 billion)in 2011 to PHP1.65 trillion (US$37.06 billion)by 2014 (Business Monitor International, 2010). This is due to consumer spending and the increasing direct of income. Furthermore, an maturation in dual-income families and young professionals can also potentially leaven retail sales.In recent course of studys, in order to attract unknown investing and maintain global competitiveness, the Philippine government has also opened up its retail sector to foreign companies. In 2000, this is done through the legal age rule Act 8762, which is also known as the Retail Trade easiness Act. Section 2 of the Retail Trade Liberalization Act states that it is the form _or_ system of government of the Stat e to promote consumer welfare in attracting promoting and welcoming productive investment that lead bring down price for the Filipino consumer, construct more jobs, promote tourism, assist small manufacturers, stimulate economic growth and modify Philippine goods and services to become globally competitive through the liberalization of the retail trade sector. Pursuant to this policy, the Philippine retail industry is hereby liberalized to encourage Filipino and competitive retail trade sector in the interest of empower the Filipino consumer through demean prices, spiriteder pure tone goods, recrudesce services and wider choices (Republic Act 8762, 2000). This gives our company the opportunity to benefit from the incentives provided by this trade liberalization act when we venture into the clothing and fashion stores in the Philippines.As fashion and clothing lines generally targeted towards the young adult demographic, Philippines suppuration younger population play an im portant enjoyment in retail consumption. Based on UN data, Filipinos between the ages of 20 to 44 has been forecasted to improver to about 39% by 2015, 63% of the population will be economically active in 2015 and 70% of the population will be placed in urban areas (Business Monitor International, 2010).The Philippines also has a thriving fashion industry and the citizens are fashion conscious, especially in the metropolitan areas such as Manila and other major cities. Every season, the Philippine appearance Week is hosted to display designs from top marques around the world and local Philippine designers as well. In order for this firm to venture into the fashion business in the Philippines, the firm would need a platform in which to create exposure for the product and the Philippine Fashion Week can be an ideal place to latch on building brand recognition for our firm. Moreover, our company can also take advantage of the local talent share and hire Filipino design experts w ith superior acquaintance of the fashion industry in the Philippines.Entry elbow roomThere are several ways that our company can enter the retail clothing industry in the Philippines. There are many ways to sell and distribute clothing in this todays world. Some retailers market and sell their clothes and products online, shipping directly to the consumer. Others open a physical boutique or retail sacking in locations such as shopping malls, flea markets, and so on.We suggest the company to look into establishing its own clothing brand or committing to a articulate venture by procuring a stake in an existing brand of clothing in the Philippines. These two methods of entering the retail market keep back its own benefits and drawbacks to our company.Our company can look into building its own brand by producing and selling its own garments in retail outlets in the Philippines. As a foreign brand, the Philippines is an ideal market to establish the companys footh emeritus as a reta il clothing brand because Filipinos are receptive to foreign clothing brands such as Zara, Topshop and Gap. The younger urban Philippine citizens practically purchase foreign brands therefore, our company should look into setting up its new branch in a major city such as Manila before expanding the business to other parts of the country. Furthermore, our company can also set up an online platform in order to reach customers in the broader Philippine region as well. Setting up an undefiled new clothing brand can be challenging for our company as well as costly. However, our company should look into reducing proceeds costs by manufacturing within the Philippines to reduce cost of transporting or lower manufacturing costs by outsourcing the production to a country with cheaper labor. The United States discussion section of Labor (2011) found that the hourly compensation costs in manufacturing in 2010 in the Philippines is $1.90, which is the lowest among all the countries compared in its study including Mexico, Taiwan and brazil and others.On the other hand, our company can look into creating a say venture with a local brand or a local designer. The Philippines has many talented local fashion designers that may not energise the resources to manufacture and sell their clothing. Our company can provide the funds petitionment for these designers to create a clothing line to sell to consumers. In this sense, our company saves cost in conducting market research, hiring new personnel to observe the industry trends and hiring designers to come up with new clothing because the designers are equipped with the knowledge of the fashion industry in the Philippines and are better versed in the fashion industry. This option is less risky than Greenfield venture because the company has curb liability should the venture fail. The company will only have few losses from the capital provided to the designer as compared to capital losses from creating an accurate new bra nd from scratch. intellectual nourishment and Beverage IndustryThere are a few business sectors that our company could consider venturing in the Philippines. wholeness of it is the Food Beverage (FB) industry. FB is an industry that specializes in the making of, conceptualization, and delivery of foods. The biggest sector in FB employees are in restaurants and bars, which includes hotels, resorts, and casinos.Based on statistics by the department of Primary Industries (DPI) in Victoria (2009), Philippines is one of the worlds youngest population and fastest outgrowth populations, which is 96 million and 65% of its people at a lower place 30 years of age. The difference between the rich and poor is large with 30% of them living on a lower floor the poverty line. This wide gulf results in very severalise food consumptions trends in the Philippines. In general, locally produced products are consumed and low-medium priced merchandise products are consumed by traditional markets w hereas medium-high priced imported products are principally found in five star hotel restaurants and foreign owned supermarkets in major urban centres such as Manila.The majority of food consumed by the Filipinos are mainly manufactured by local companies such as San Miguel and RFM Corporation, which produces all major food sectors, such as processed meat products, processed increase and vegetables products, dairy products and snacks. These manufactured food plus with fresh meat, fruits and vegetables are the exemplary food for the low-middle class Filipinos, who are the dominant consumer in the Philippines. However, middle-high income earners are demanding for non-traditional and imported foods that are ready-to-eat and in turn for a modernization in the food-retailing sector. This is a good opportunity for our company to venture in the Philippines by export our local goods to meet their demands.According to a company that organizes trade expositions (2012), this year itself th e foods and drunkennesss industry is expected to grow around 5% to 10%, bear on by the demand of healthier foods and beverages. As said by Mildred Caballero (2012), chairperson of Tradecon, Right now, there is more focus on health food and health- cogitate products. Now, when people buy food, they look for health benefits. That is the strength of the industry responsibility now, in an interview at the fifth annual Philippines International Food and Beverage Expo. Other factors that influence and shape the countrys demand for food and beverage products are the Filipinos food-oriented culture that stresses on frequent snacking, the youth oriented food market (35% of the population is below 15 years old), the increasing custody participation by women and dual income households, which results in greater demand for public lavatory food that is easy to prepare, and also the western influence on the food and beverage market.Entry ModeAs consumers in the Philippines are bonnie more h ealth conscious, our company could export our local products and increase the set about of their organic products. Although countries replacementable United States and clean Zealand are the top exporters of incase foods to the Philippines, there is still opportunity for our company to provide them with healthier encase food products such as seafood-based, vegetarian, all natural and organic products. It is also expected that more Filipinos are moving to urban areas due to better job opportunities and demand for easy meal preparation packaged food products will definitely increase. Apart from their traditional Filipino dishes being the majority meal solution, there are still opportunities for our local cuisine as the market slowly evolves to globalization. Despite that, we will have to consider factors like affordability due to limited disposable income of about households.Hotels and AccommodationThe other business that is suitable in the Philippines is the hotel and resort bu siness. As we know that, the hotel industry is related to the tourism industry in one country. Anticipating the tourism industry in the country can bring the answer whether to enter the market of hotel industry in that country is a valid decision.The tourism industry of Philippines had unploughed on building up as visitor arrivals from January to September 2012 had reached an arrive of 3,149,985 for a 9.08% topping over last years arrivals of 2,887,715 for the same epoch of the year. Most markets throughout the mentioned period had showed increasing growth rates.Korea continued as the Philippiness top tourist market with 752,918 arrivals, for 23.90% of the follow visitor volume, and displaying an expansion of 9.61%. Korea is followed by the U.S.A., which made up 485,484 or 15.41% of the total visitor arrivals. This market increase 4.01% from the 466,767 visitors registered for the same time last year. In the meantime, Japan supplied 311,008 arrivals for 9.87% share to total visi tor volume, increasing the percentage up by 8.52% from 2011. China positioned at the fourth place with 6.25% share of the total visitor volume or total visitor arrivals of 196,926. This market registered total visitor arrivals of 171, 981 versus its twofold-digit expansion of 14.50% a year ago. Taiwan is positioned at fifth with 171,420 arrivals for a 5.44% share of the total visitor volume. This market expanded by 25.39% from 136,713 arrivals registered last year, therefore, setting the upmost growth rate amongst the top five markets.After examining the tourism typeface of the Philippines, we also took the business environment of Philippines into consideration. With the lifting of restrictions on the foreign investment law, century% foreign equity may be approved in all sectors of investment apart from those held in reserve for Filipinos by consent of the Philippine Constitution and existing laws. A foreign corporation has to initially fetch the essential licenses or registrati ons from the proper government organization. For corporations or partnerships, the required internalisation documents from the Securities and Exchange Commission must be attained.The government of Philippines appreciates the critical role of private sector investments and, thus, pledges to constantly improve the business environment. Foreign investments are inspired to fulfill capital gaps, assist in provide employment, enhance production, and supply a base for the overall growth of the economy.Investment laws and regulations have therefore been loosened to ease the insertion of foreign investments.Entry ModeThere are a few form of entry that can be considered in entering the hotel industry in Philippines. The form of entry that is deemed suitable is through merger and acquisition. Mergers and acquisitions(M A) is a common term utilise to signify the combining of companies. A merger is the merging of two companies to create a new company, whereas an acquisition is the acquiremen t of a company by another where no new company is established. (Investopedia, 2012) We have chosen this form of entry with valid reasons. Due to the established market in Philippines, it is enamor to use this form of entry to enter the market. Using MA also provides a certain advantage that is to minimize the time needed to start the business which includes building a hotel or resort from scratches. The effort of throng human resources to manage the business is also nullified to the minimum since the staple fiber labor force has already existed and the company only needs to legate the management sector of the business. Since the hotel industry is a high capital and high risk business, we avoid using the Greenfield form of entry for the risk it imposes. bullion and the International Monetary PolicyThe gold in Philippines is peso or officially piso. The currency code or an international abbreviation for Peso is PHP and the symbol of it would be P (a line or a double line in the m iddle of the capital P). The currency rankings show that the most popular Philippines Peso exchange rate is the PHP to USD rate. Peso is divided into century centavos (officially centimo). Currently in November 2012, the U.S. vaulting horse is worth about 41 pesos and the Euro about 52 pesos. Current are coins of 1, 5, 10, and 25 centavos and 1 and 5 pesos, and hope notes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 pesos. Five and ten peso note is no longer printed, but still legal tender. In 1997, all old Philippine currency was replaced by new bank notes and coins. Notes from before 1997 cannot be employ anymore. In December 2010, a new series of banknotes was announced. The old notes will remain valid for at least three more years. impertinently coins have been announced for 2012. The Security Plant Complex of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is where the coins and banknotes are made.In 2009, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas announced that has launched a massive redesign for curr ent banknotes and coins to further enhance security features and improve durability. Sources from Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the members of the numismatic committee include Bangko Sentral Deputy Governor Diwa Guinigundo and Dr. Ambeth Ocampo Chairman of the National Historical Institute. The new banknote designs feature famous Filipinos and iconic natural wonders. Philippine national symbols will be depicted on coins. The BSP started releasing the initial batch of new banknotes in December 2010 while new coins will be introduced first 2012. Current banknotes will remain legal tender for at least three years exactly in December 2013.Table below is the current exchange rates taken last updated on Tuesday, 6 November 1600CurrencyCodeRateRatepesos / foreign currencyforeign currency / pesoUS dollarUSD41.2510.024242EuroEUR52.8010.018939Japanese longJPY0.514631.9431Australian dollarAUD43.0570.023225Brasilian accreditedBRL20.2820.049304Bulgarian levBGN26.9970.037041Canadian dollar fran kfurter41.5040.024094Chinese yuan renminbiCNY6.58650.15183Croatian kunaHRK7.00980.14266Czech korunaCZK2.08660.47925Danish kroneDKK7.07770.14129Hong Kong dollarHKD5.32250.18788Hungarian forintHUF0.187375.3370Indian rupeeINR0.757801.3196Indonesian rupiahIDR0.0042883233.20Israeli New ShekelILS10.5880.094443Latvian latsLVL75.8310.013187Lithuanian litasLTL15.2920.065393Malaysian ringgitMYR13.4630.074277Mexican pesoMXN3.16990.31546New Romanian leuRON11.6840.085586New Turkish liraTRY23.2180.043069New Zealand dollarNZD34.1730.029263Norwegian kroneNOK7.21130.13867Polish zlotyPLN12.8130.078048Pound sterlingGBP65.9230.015169Russian roubleRUB1.31000.76335capital of Singapore dollarSGD33.7150.029660South African randZAR4.73590.21115South Korean wonKRW0.03781926.442Swedish kronaSEK6.15960.16235Swiss francCHF43.7280.022869Thai bahtTHB1.34100.74569The Philippines has used the floating exchange rate system for many years. As a result, it was not one of the Asian Tigers that thrived under fixed exch ange rates. When the tiger economies moved to the floating exchange rate system, their economies collapsed in what is was called the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997.In recent years, the Philippines have moved away from a strict application of the floating exchange rate system (Central beachs description of policy). Philippine banks are allowed to purchase foreign currency for their own accounts, following the Central entrusts guidelines. These guidelines require depository banks to maintain 100% cover for their foreign currency liabilities (except for US dollar denominated repurchase agreements with the Central Bank- Section 73). In addition, the Central Bank admits that it intervenes in the market to stabilize the currency and ensure the competitiveness of Philippine products.From the official foreign reserves, the Philippines now build up official foreign reserves and since 2003 has had current account surpluses. Its foreign investments have increased from the equivalent of 2.6 m onths imports in 1995 to the equivalent of more than 9 months imports in 2009. It appears to be alter the exchange rate and raising its foreign reserves. This movement away from the strict application of Friedmans floating exchange rate system is injecting new bullion into the Philippine economy, thereby stimulating economic growth, which reached 8% in real terms in 2007. At the same time, it is improving the external counterbalance of payments position of its economy.In addition, it is contributing to the economic growth of the Philippines. The graph below shows the growth imports and exports in the Philippines. The global financial crisis has lessen exports in 2008 and 2009 and reduced imports in 2009.http//www.buoyanteconomies.com/Philip1.gifExports and Imports in current dollar terms (source Central Bank of the Philippines)Even so, further reform to monetary policy of the Philippines could see that economy grow more rapidly to utilize the existing high level of unemployed re sources while maintaining balance of payments stability.