Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay -- Abuse Violence Essays

municipal violence is the most ubiquitous constant in womens lives somewhat the world. There is virtually no place where it is not a significant problem, and women of no race, class, or age are exempt from its r each(prenominal) -Joni SeagerAbstract Domestic violence against women is a amicable problem that occurs in nearly every corner of the world. Recently, some landed estates have begun to recognize that women must be protected from jest at by family members and intimates. While policies and practices designed to protect women have emerged in a number of countries, many lag behind on the issue. This paper will contemplate the causal performers behind the transition in protection for women. The literature on women and politics suggests that womens theatrical performance may increase the level of protection against home(prenominal) violence because female legislators are more likely to put womens issues on the agenda and make policy choices that benefit their sex. Alternatively, the market-gardening of a state may determine whether the bon ton supports rights for women, including protection from domestic violence. A variety of statistics indicating womens representation and culture were gathered for analysis. Using bi variate correlativity and multiple regression, the theories were tested against each other in an attempt to determine the cause of variation in levels of protection. The findings suggest that both womens representation and culture are significantly gibe to level of protection. Because the number of women in elected office influences protection to a greater extent than culture, improving womens representation appears to be an important factor in fighting the domestic violence problem. THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PROBLEM Across... ....3 For entropy source, see UN. The Worlds Women 2000 Trends and Statistics. NY, 2000.4 For info source, see World outgrowth Indicators, 20035 For data source, see UN, The Worlds Wo men 2000 Trends and Statistics. NY, 2000.6 For data sources, see Kamerman, Neuman, Waldfogel and Brooks-Gunn. Social Policies, Family Types and Child Outcomes in Selected OECD Countries. OECD, 2003.Luxembourg Income Study, 1997 expert cerebration 7 For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books New York, 2003. 8 For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books New York, 2003.9 For data source, see The World Bank Statistics, 200110 For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books New York, 2003. Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay -- Abuse Violence EssaysDomestic violence is the most ubiquitous constant in womens lives around the world. There is virtually no place where it is not a significant problem, and women of no race, class, or age are exempt from its reach -Joni SeagerAbstract Domestic violence against women is a social problem that occurs in nearly every corner of the world. Recently, some states have begun to recognize that women must be protected from abuse by family members and intimates. While policies and practices designed to protect women have emerged in a number of countries, many lag behind on the issue. This paper will examine the causal factors behind the variation in protection for women. The literature on women and politics suggests that womens representation may increase the level of protection against domestic violence because female legislators are more likely to put womens issues on the agenda and make policy choices that benefit their sex. Alternatively, the culture of a state may determine whether the society supports rights for women, including protection from domestic violence. A variety of statistics indicating womens representation and culture were gathered for analysis. Using bi variate correlation and multiple regression, the theories were tested against each other in an attempt to determine the cause of variation in levels of protection. The findings suggest that both womens representation and culture are significantly correlated to level of protection. Because the number of women in elected office influences protection to a greater extent than culture, improving womens representation appears to be an important factor in fighting the domestic violence problem. THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PROBLEM Across... ....3 For data source, see UN. The Worlds Women 2000 Trends and Statistics. NY, 2000.4 For data source, see World Development Indicators, 20035 For data source, see UN, The Worlds Women 2000 Trends and Statistics. NY, 2000.6 For data sources, see Kamerman, Neuman, Waldfogel and Brooks-Gunn. Social Policies, Family Types and Child Outcomes in Selected OECD Countries. OECD, 2003.Luxembourg Income Study, 1997 expert opinion 7 For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books New York, 2003. 8 For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books New York, 2003.9 For data source, see The World Bank Statistics, 200110 For data source, see Seager, Joni. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. Penguin Books New York, 2003.

The Happiness and Misery of Monsieur Lantin in The Jewels Essay

The Happiness and Misery of Monsieur LantinAt the beginning of The Jewels, Lantin meets the woman of his dreams (and of every other mans) and immediately falls in love with and marries her. Their lives go on in perfect harmony and happiness, and every day Lantin falls more deeply in love with his adorable wife. Lantin has only two complaints about the showcase of his wife her love of the theater and her love of fake jewelry. Eventually Lantin stops going to the theater, and his wife goes alone. After returning from the theater one night, his wife develops a cough and dies eight days later. This point marks the beginning of Lantins misery as he uncovers more about his wife than he energy have wanted to know.Lantin is very happily married to his wife, and the reader gets the impression that everyone else in the community feels she is a fine woman to have as a wife. Happy the man who wins her love He could not find a better wife (Maupassant 105). The reader learns just how devoted he is to his wife when he confesses that after six years of marriage, he loves his wife even more than he did at first. Lantins vitality seems a perfect picture of what a happy marriage should be, but then it changes suddenly and drastically.When Lantins wife comes home one night with a chill and dies eight days later, Lantin is devastated. His life is filled with sorrow and despair and even time, the...

American Transformation, 1800-1890 Essays -- collapse of colonialism, n

OverviewWhat major political changes did Western Hemisphere nations face in the nineteenth century? (The Earth and Its Peoples, 633)The collapse of colonialism created various challenges for the newly light nations of the Western Hemisphere, in the 19th century. The rise of Personalist leaders, resurgence of Native American resistance, and immigration all affected the political environments of North and South America during that time. progeny nations like The United States, Argentina, and Brazil found it difficult to manage themselves under their new constitutions. Regional separations and movements for womens and black rights added to this difficulty, creating new political groups and questioning guinea pig identity.Perhaps the most significant political change in the 19th century, the regionalization of western states challenged the growth of their respective identities. As Bulliet grades, after independence, new national governments were slackly weaker than the colonial g overnments they replaced. In Spanish America, initiatives like Gran Columbia failed because of debate over economic policy, power struggles, and other interprovincial conflict. The flat coats of New Spain (1521-1821) were wide and varied, and many of the natives neer desired to live under such a flag to begin with. This was illustrated with the Caste War, a string of many battles that were waged between the Maya and the Spanish over rights and land in the Yucatn area of Mexico, starting in 1847. Regionalism also affected the United States. The size and composition of states influenced the drafting of the constitution. The smaller states, along the East Coast, feared that their say would be repressed by larger states. The states and western territori... ...ves are as responsible for their oppression as those who oppress them. The third resolution voices, the servile long-suffering and quiet indifference of the Women of this country are the fruit either of ignorance or de gradation. This seems quite logical, although, from what Ive read, I think it was a combination of the two. Through the actors line of these resolutions, I can see the precursors to the feminist movement of the 60s.When learning about the reception of these resolutions by the constitutional convention, part of me isnt surprised, given the overriding views at the time another part of me is shocked that these men can simply ignore the wrongs that have been so clearly laid out in front of them. It reminds me that we have wrongs that are allowed in todays society, which may be more subtle, but no less important, and are ignored by our representatives.

20,000 Leagues Under The Sea :: essays research papers

After decoding a scrap of paper he found in an old book, Professor Hardwigg decides to repulse a journey. A "Journey to the Center of the Earth" that the paper says is possible. Brushing aside the lines of his nephew vex about the temperature of the earths interior, the professor makes Harry come with him on the journey. They gather the needed supplies and depart two days later for Mt. Sneffels in Iceland, the point through which they can gain access to the core of the earth. With the Icelander Hans as their guide, the party undertakes the busted journey up to the mountain, stopping to rest along the way at the homes of Icelanders. Through these people, they learn much about the culture. Once they reach the mountain, the three set into the crater and after several days figure out which of three shafts is the one through which they can make their journey. Aided by Hans s friendship of how to use ropes, they travel downward more than a mile during the first day. The Pro fessor explains that they are now at sea level and he genuinely journey is just beginning. At the bottom of the shaft, they come upon four crossed paths that they can follow and the Professor quickly chooses one. After several days of trekking in search of water, they must retrace their steps because the path dead-ends. Finally returning to the place of the four crossed paths, Harry collapses and thinks they will return to the surface. Although the Professor shows concern for Harry, he asks for one more day to find water before they abandon the journey. They select a different route and soon discover water. long time later they find a well-like shaft through which they descend to twenty-one miles below the surface of the earth. Continuing to descend rapidly, Harry goes ahead of the others and soon finds himself alone. In desperation he retraces his steps but becomes hopelessly lost. It is only after much suffering four days later that Harry is reunited with his uncle. As Harry is recovering he hears the sound of waves and thinks he sees light. In act, the three have arrived at what they name the Central Sea, a vast underground body of water. At this point, scientific wonders appear regularly. Exploring the area around the sea, the travelers find what looks like a forest but are actually forty-foot mushrooms.

Violence in The Crusades :: essays research papers

The Crusades were a bloody cadence period. They were a military rivulet by the pope and the roman type Catholic Church to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. They lasted from the 11th- 13th century. They were catastrophic and left Europe in ruins. Although the Crusades were such a violent period of time, they had a positive impact in history because of their role in the renaissance and exposing the Western world to the Eastern. The Crusades were an outlet for the intense ghostlike tension between the Muslims and the perform service which rose up in the late 11th century. This all started because the perform and the Catholics wanted the Holy Lands back from the Muslims. Around this time the church was the biggest institute and great deal were god-fearing. Pope Gregory VII wanted to control more lands and wanted to throw back the lands that they had lost to the Muslims (Medieval Europe). So in company to perk up back these lands he launched The Crusades which he insisted to the peasants was a holy war instead. A major part of the fighters in the crusades were untrained and unqualified peasants who went out to halt back the holy lands for the church from the ?evil Muslims? (Medieval Europe 164-167). This was called the Peasants Crusade. In order to get these peasants, who knew no better, to go and fight the church told them that if they were to go and fight these ? dire Muslims? then they would automatically get admission into heaven. Of course this automatically appealed to the peasants being that they were so god-fearing. They thought that if they helped the church then they would go to heaven and so they jumped at such an opportunity to get a get-into-heaven-free card. These people in all their religious glory went in and attacked the city of Nicaea (TWW, 104), and got killed. The city of Nicaea was a well fortify city controlled by Seljuk Turks. The peasants went in and attacked and literally got slaughtered. Only 2000 peasa nts survived their hasty attack. Unfortunately most of the crusades went this way(TWW) The goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Lands in the name of the church and drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem.Violence in The Crusades essays research papersThe Crusades were a bloody time period. They were a military campaign by the pope and the Roman Catholic Church to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. They lasted from the 11th- 13th century. They were catastrophic and left Europe in ruins. Although the Crusades were such a violent period of time, they had a positive impact in history because of their role in the renaissance and exposing the Western world to the Eastern. The Crusades were an outlet for the intense religious tension between the Muslims and the church which rose up in the late 11th century. This all started because the church and the Catholics wanted the Holy Lands back from the Muslims. Around this time the church was the biggest institute an d people were god-fearing. Pope Gregory VII wanted to control more lands and wanted to get back the lands that they had lost to the Muslims (Medieval Europe). So in order to get back these lands he launched The Crusades which he insisted to the peasants was a holy war instead. A major part of the fighters in the crusades were untrained and unqualified peasants who went out to get back the holy lands for the church from the ?evil Muslims? (Medieval Europe 164-167). This was called the Peasants Crusade. In order to get these peasants, who knew no better, to go and fight the church told them that if they were to go and fight these ?horrible Muslims? then they would automatically get admission into heaven. Of course this automatically appealed to the peasants being that they were so god-fearing. They thought that if they helped the church then they would go to heaven and so they jumped at such an opportunity to get a get-into-heaven-free card. These people in all their religio us glory went in and attacked the city of Nicaea (TWW, 104), and got killed. The city of Nicaea was a well fortified city controlled by Seljuk Turks. The peasants went in and attacked and literally got slaughtered. Only 2000 peasants survived their hasty attack. Unfortunately most of the crusades went this way(TWW) The goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Lands in the name of the church and drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem.

Violence in The Crusades :: essays research papers

The Crusades were a bloody time period. They were a military campaign by the pope and the Roman Catholic Church to take nates Jerusalem from the Muslims. They lasted from the 11th- 13th century. They were catastrophic and left Europe in ruins. Although the Crusades were such a violent period of time, they had a imperious impact in news report because of their role in the renaissance and exposing the Western world to the Eastern. The Crusades were an outlet for the intense religious tension between the Muslims and the church which locomote up in the young 11th century. This totally started because the church and the Catholics wanted the Holy Lands back from the Muslims. Around this time the church was the biggest institute and people were god-fearing. pontiff Gregory VII wanted to go for more lands and wanted to get back the lands that they had lost to the Muslims (Medieval Europe). So in bon ton to get back these lands he launched The Crusades which he insisted t o the peasants was a holy war instead. A major part of the fighters in the crusades were untrained and unqualified peasants who went out to get back the holy lands for the church from the ? abomination Muslims? (Medieval Europe 164-167). This was called the Peasants Crusade. In order to get these peasants, who knew no better, to go and fight the church told them that if they were to go and fight these ?horrible Muslims? then they would automatically get entranceway into heaven. Of course this automatically appealed to the peasants creation that they were so god-fearing. They thought that if they helped the church then they would go to heaven and so they jumped at such an opportunity to get a get-into-heaven-free card. These people in all their religious glory went in and attacked the city of Nicaea (TWW, 104), and got killed. The city of Nicaea was a well fortified city controlled by Seljuk Turks. The peasants went in and attacked and literally got slaughtered. Only 200 0 peasants survived their headlong attack. Unfortunately most of the crusades went this way(TWW) The goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Lands in the name of the church and drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem.Violence in The Crusades essays research papersThe Crusades were a bloody time period. They were a military campaign by the pope and the Roman Catholic Church to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. They lasted from the 11th- 13th century. They were catastrophic and left Europe in ruins. Although the Crusades were such a violent period of time, they had a positive impact in history because of their role in the renaissance and exposing the Western world to the Eastern. The Crusades were an outlet for the intense religious tension between the Muslims and the church which rose up in the late 11th century. This all started because the church and the Catholics wanted the Holy Lands back from the Muslims. Around this time the church was the biggest i nstitute and people were god-fearing. Pope Gregory VII wanted to control more lands and wanted to get back the lands that they had lost to the Muslims (Medieval Europe). So in order to get back these lands he launched The Crusades which he insisted to the peasants was a holy war instead. A major part of the fighters in the crusades were untrained and unqualified peasants who went out to get back the holy lands for the church from the ?evil Muslims? (Medieval Europe 164-167). This was called the Peasants Crusade. In order to get these peasants, who knew no better, to go and fight the church told them that if they were to go and fight these ?horrible Muslims? then they would automatically get admission into heaven. Of course this automatically appealed to the peasants being that they were so god-fearing. They thought that if they helped the church then they would go to heaven and so they jumped at such an opportunity to get a get-into-heaven-free card. These people in all th eir religious glory went in and attacked the city of Nicaea (TWW, 104), and got killed. The city of Nicaea was a well fortified city controlled by Seljuk Turks. The peasants went in and attacked and literally got slaughtered. Only 2000 peasants survived their hasty attack. Unfortunately most of the crusades went this way(TWW) The goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Lands in the name of the church and drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem.

The land of Palestine

The knowledge domain of Palestine is considered holy for the Muslims and the Jews, the Jews consider it as the promised homeland from god. The conflict amidst the Israelis and the Palestinians dates back to the time of the Ottoman empire in the 1880s. At that time, the Muslim Arabs predominantly inhabited the land of Palestine where as the Arab Christians and the Jews were present in sm all tolder groups. It was the cerebration of the Promised Land, which inspired the Jews to come and square up in the land of Palestine.It was in Europe where the early Zionist movement started which promoted the idea of Jews having a state of their own which should be in the Land of Israel (Palestine). In 1897 the World Zionist Organization was founded by Herlz declared that the aim of Zionism was to establish a field of study home for the Jewish heap secured by public law this idea began more pronounced among Jews and got immense backup man from the west contendd because of the riots once mor est Jews which proved murderous for the Jews .The mass killings of the Jews by the Nazis during World War II in which about cardinal millions Jews were cruelly murdered under the rule of Hitler calling it the Final Solution of the Jewish Question. These killing by the Nazis intensified the international support for the creation of a homeland for the Jews. The Zionist movement overlooked a major factor before promoting the idea of a state in Palestine, which was that other tidy sum, the Muslim Arabs, already diligent it.More interestingly, the western United States and Europe besides ignored this crucial problem this was due to the fact that idea of a Jewish state attracted the British for religious as well as practical purposes. It was 1917 in which the British army took control of Palestine from the Ottoman Empire and in the same year Balfour, promulgation was passed which was seen as a promise do by Britain to the Jews for further increasing its efforts for a Jewish nati onal home in Palestine. A point that is to be noted here is that after the second area war Jews made a 33% of the total population in Palestine where as in 1922 they were a mere 11%.They proverb the increasing number of Jews in their homeland as a conspiracy against them and their homeland the Jews were looked upon as outsiders. They also became capitally influenced by the European anti-Semitism and adopted umpteen ideas and claims of Holocaust deniers as well as the anti-Zionist ideology of radical Jewish in breakectuals. The naturally created UN suggested dividing the country into twain one for the Arabs and the other part for the Jews, and Jerusalem was to be assigned as a corpus separatum meaning an international city.The Jewish community removeed the externalize as they had nothing to lose, in fact they were at last achieving what they confine always wanted, and the Palestinians on the other hand saw it as a section of their homeland. Shortly after this suggested UN p lan, a war betwixt the Palestinians and the Jews started in the starting line base of the December of 1947. The condition worsened in January when the Arab Liberation Army and help from Egypt came in, in the form of Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni who intervened with several hundred of his men of the Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas.The Jewish authorities were funded by sympathizers in US and greatly assisted by Stalin. This war also marks the massacre of the Arabs by the Jewish army and the expulsion of about 250000 Palestinians to leave their country and reckon refuge in the neighboring countries. More prosperous Jewish offensives created a united front most Jerusalem. The Jews declared the state of Israel on 14 whitethorn 1948 exactly a twenty-four hour period before the British Mandate of Palestine was to be expired, furthermore its immediate acceptance by the Soviet Union, the United States, and other Western countries, enraged the Arab States greatly.Therefore over the beside few da ys the new-fashionedly created state was attacked by the combine forces of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Egypt, the state which has taken the right of the Arab homeland and in way this proves to be right too because it was the Jews who were the immigrants. This action was declared as an illegal aggression by the US and the Soviet Union whereas China backed the Arab cause. Volunteers from both the United States and Canada supported the Israeli army. The outcome of the war was a disaster for the Arab States and the Israeli forces not only managed to protect their territory still also expanded their holdings.In 1949 Israel signed serenity treaties with the Arab states and the new b fixs promptly was 50% more than what the UN partition plan proposed. Egypt controlled the hold of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank was under the control of Tran Jordan. War resulted in the displacement of almost 711,000 Palestinians from their homes, a proposed figure by the UN. Although a UN re root word wa s passed which allowed the refugees to return home but abouthow the resolution was all told ignored which created the major Palestinian Refugee Crisis and the West too failed too respond.At last the dream of Zionism was achieved unconstipated though it marked a historic change in the state of the Jews i. e. the former oppressed were now the oppressors and as in the future the further killing and massacre of the Palestinians, including women and children give confirm the authenticity of the statement. Literature Re outlook Avi Shalaim wrote in his book, The politics of partition, 1921-1951 King Abdullah, the Zionists, and Palestine, The encounter between Arabs and Jews in Palestine is one of the deepest, gravest, and most protracted international conflicts of modern quantify.It is difficult to imagine more bitter enmity than that between the Arabs and Jews during the decades in the lead up to and following the emergence of the State of Israel. Indeed, the Arab-Israeli conflic t has sometimes been described as a pure conflict, that is to say one in which the interests of the two prot- agonists are completely and irreconcilably opposed. For years now countless tragedies acquit been encountered on both sides, the majority of which the Palestinians fuck off encountered which includes the ruthless killing of even children by the Israeli forces and the demolition of the Palestinian houses.The Palestinians on the other hand reply to this manikin of Israeli atrocities by any available means this may include rocket attacks on Jewish firmness of purposes or suicide bombings. Palestinians are constantly trying to get this territory back by any means possible, and then come the issue of the Palestinian refugees who despite having their own homeland are creation forced to live in neighboring countries because Israel refuses to acknowledge them. The international community and the UN have criticized Israel countless times on target killings and human rights viol ation but Israel seems adamant.The only way through this conflict as the international community or the West saw was to provide the Palestinian with a homeland and to persuade Israel to leave the Arab territories. There had been treaties and accords for this purpose over the past many years, the commencement prominent among them were Camp David Accords which was initiated by the President of US Jimmy Carter. The accord was concur between the President of Egypt and the prime minister of Israel Menachem Begin. Two agreements were signed between Egypt and Israel the framework consisted of tether parts.The first part outlined to establish a self governing liberty in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and to implement the UN resolution 242, which called for the establishment of a just and lasting pink of my John in the ticker East to be achieved by the application of both the following principles. Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict and Termination of all claims or states of belligerency. The second part of the agreement was concerned about the relations between Israel and Egypt.The terzetto part defined to principles upon which Israel was supposed to improve its relations with neighboring Arab countries. Egyptian sovereignty was to be exercised on the internationally recognized border between Egypt and the mandated Palestine. The sezession of Israeli forces from Sinai and the use of airfields by Israel al-Arish, Rafah, Ras en-Naqb, and Sharm el-Sheikh for noncombatant purposes only. The right of free line of achievement by ships of Israel through the Gulf of Suez and the Suez Canal ground on the Constantinople company of 1888 applying to all nations.The Strait of Tiran and Gulf of Aqaba are international waterways to be open to all nations for unimpeded and non suspend able freedom of navigation and over flight. The social structure of a highway between the Sinai and Jordan near Eilat with guaranteed free and relaxationful passage by Egypt and Jordan and the stationing of military forces were also hold upon in the accord. The signing of this agreement triggered enough hatred for Sadat in the Arab world that he was assassinated as he was seen as a traitor to the Palestinian cause.Israel greatly benefited from this accord as compared to Egypt because peace on the border meant that the Israeli forces could now lower their alert level. The peace agreement was also seen as an agreement between the Israelis and the President of Egypt only because his people or the rest of the Arab world, which his assassination confirmed, did not share his views. Perhaps the most notable step in the peace process was the Oslo process in 1993, in which a framework for the future relations between the Israelis and the Palestinians were worked out.A US president, Bill Clinton this time, PLOs Chairman Yasser Arafat representing Palestine and Israels Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin representing the Israelis, ag ain initiated this. This accord provided the creation of a Palestinian authority, which was to be responsible for the administration of territory assigned under its control. This accord also called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from some parts of Gaza and the West Bank. Both sides accepted territorial compromise as the basis for the settlement of their long and better conflict.The Oslo accord was a great breakthrough for Israel, a number of Arab states thought about establishing diplomatic relations with Israel after PLOs recognition of Israel. The Arab League too debated upon lifting of economical sanctions from Israel, which have been in place since the creation of Israel. E actually thing changed for Israel and its neighboring Arab countries after the Oslo accord. Still after the Oslo process, the expansions of settlements continued and hence further disturbing the already worsening economic conditions.There fore creating doubts, frustration, and on that pointby causing a drop in the support for the Oslo agreement. The agreement has five chapters, which consist of thirty-one articles, seven-spot annexes, and nine attached maps. The most important part of this agreement was the recognition of Palestinian Interim Self- Government Authority. The agreement also provided a safe passage of transport and person between the Gaza case and the West Bank, it refrained each sides from any kind of hostile propaganda against each other.Palestinian Police was given the authority to be complete and operate in coalition with the Israeli forces. The agreement also outlined the plan for the transfer of power from Israel to the Palestinian authorities. The agreement divided the territory into three areas Area A which was supposed to be under the control of Palestinian authority, Area B comprised both of the Palestinian and the Israeli authorities, the Palestinian was to control civilian authority while Israel continued to be in charge of security, Area C was to be under exclusive control of Israel.This process saw a downfall with the assassination of Rabin and the Likud party coming into power, which came as a serious blow to the peace process. The Likud party destroyed homes of the Arabs, confiscated their lands, started building new Jewish settlements, and assailable an archeologist tunnel near Muslim Holy places in Old Jerusalem. Avi Shlaim wrote in his book International Relations of the Middle East, That the basic reason for the sorrow of Oslo to resolve the conflict is that Israel, under the leadership of the Likud, reneged on its side of the deal.By resorting to violence, the Palestinians contributed to the breakdown of trust without which no political progress is possible. But the more important cause behind the loss of trust and the loss of momentum was the Israeli insurance of expanding settlements on the West Bank which carried on under Labour as well as Likud. This policy precluded the emergence of a viable Palestinian state w ithout which there can be no end to the conflict. In may 1999, the Likud party was overthrown and the Labor party came into power by a landslide victory.Ehud Barak was elected as the prime minister but Barak lacked Rabins vision and his sort was arrogant and authoritarian and he approached diplomacy as the extension of war by other means. Under Baraks regime the expansion of Jewish settlement which was seen as a barrier to the peace process. There fore one more agreement with this new government was needed and quite necessary because a deadlock had been created between the Israelis and the Palestinians. On July5, 2000 Bill Clinton invited Arafat and Barak to negotiate the peace process.Barak appeared believing that America would help impose his agenda in the utmost settlement. Barak suggested an independent Palestinian state, which would consist of the whole Gaza Strip and most of the West Bank, he also agreed for the return of the refugees that would involve 500 people a year. He agreed on partitioning of the city of Jerusalem, but the Palestinian authority refused this point because they wanted exclusive sovereignty over all Arab suburbs and over Temple Mount.The Palestinian authority was divided on the proposal some saw it as a historical breakthrough others saw it as a compromise with their national right. Further more the delegation came under pressure from Egypt and Saudi Arabia not to compromise the holy places of the Muslims. Therefore, Arafat rejected most of the proposals, the summit ended in misfortune, and very easily, Barak and Clinton put the whole blame of the failure on the shoulders of Arafat. The Palestinians accused Bill Clinton of siding with Barak, therefore Arafat returned home once again empty handed.According to Ken stand and Tim Dunne, in their book, Worlds in Collision Terror and the Future of World Order the policy of using US moral, material, and military support to give Israel the confidence to go forward in the peace process , has not achieved the desired results. The best proof is Bill Clinton. He was, in the words of one Israeli newspaper, the last Zionist. Yet, even he could not sweet talk Israel into a final settlement. If Clinton could not do it, nobody can. That leaves only one possible path to progress an externally-imposed solution. 1 The failure of the Summit at Camp David started an outbreak of violence began.The violence was further sparked by the visit of Israels opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the site of Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem. There fore the second intifada, an Arabic word for ascent, started. The Palestinians saw the Israeli-American proposal at Camp David a complete surrender to Israels demand, they knew that they have been malevolently duped with not even a minimal solution to the issues which constitute the Palestine question. It is against this background and Sharons provocative visit to Al Aqsa that the Second Intifada erupted.The uprising resulted in a ne w wave of brutal killings from the Israeli side to stop the rebellion which included the killing of a 12 year old, the Palestinian responded by suicide bombings attack on Israeli civilians. An article in Australian for Palestine tell that Since the Al Aqsa Intifada, Israel defines the situation in the occupied Palestinian territories as a situation of hostility rather than a belligerent occupation and therefore it contends that the Hague Regulations which protect civilians under military occupation no chronic apply.Furthermore, it contends that it is not responsible for compensating the Palestinians for any damage caused or any property taken. This incident also increased the international involvement according to a report, Israel each year receives $1. 2 billion in economic aid and $1. 8 billion in military aid from the United States, excluding loan guarantees, besides that many add-on groups also responded greatly after this incident. the incident also provided a significant shift in U.S policy. The Palestenian leader was now not welcomed in Washington by the new furnish adminstration, furthermore Bush called on to the Palestinians to elect new leaders, leaders not compromised by terror, hence clearly indicating the shift of policy towards the Palestinian leader. To maintained peace he also outlined detailed steps prominent among them were the Palestinian rejection of terrorism (suicide bombing) and an end to Israels settlement expansion.Haig Khatchadourian in his book, The Quest for Peace between Israel ad Palestinians, said, Consequently, its brilliant military victories over the Arab states are bound to remain very incomplete victories so long as it clings to the land that Palestinians rightfully call their own. Only when the heavy chains binding occupier and occupied are broken, and Palestinians become their own masters, can real peace and stability in the region become more than a wistful hope. For then not just sulh but salaam should become the o rder of the day between the majority of West Bank and Gaza Palestinians, and Israel. In April 2003, these detailed steps took the form of the road map to peace. The Palestinian elected a new leader, Mahmoud Abbas, which made both the US and Israel happy because they saw him more liberal and more importantly not as a terrorist as in case of Arafat. These new developments made the way for a major summit of Israeli, Palestinian, Jordanian leaders, and US but the summit proved a failure. The road map to peace aims in creating an independent Palestinian state living side by side with Israel.Israel on the other hand would accept the state and end its settlements the Palestinian on the other hand would have to stop their attacks on Israel. The road maps process consists of three-phase development phase1 of the project requires the Palestinian to stop any kind of violence against Israel, which is seen as an act of terrorism by both Israel and the U. S. it urges the Palestinian to make poli tical reforms and hold fair elections. Israel on the other hand would have to withdraw and freeze on settlement expansions.The phase2 consisted of a revival of the destroyed Palestinian economy by means of an International Conference, which will support the convalescence of the Palestinian economy, which would ultimately lead to the establishment of a Palestinian homeland. This part of the plan will also concentrate upon issues like water resources, arms control, economic development etc. it would also urge the Arab states to revive links with Israel, which were before the intifada period. The triad phase was the confirmation stage, a second calling of an international conference and the final status and agreement of the borders.This phase was the permanent end to the conflict. The issue of the city of Jerusalem and the refugee problem also falls in the third phase of this project. Both the sides i. e. the Palestinian and the Israel have concerns over this road map. The internatio nal community has become very much involved for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict based on this road map project. A group known as the intravenous feeding formed which consisted of representatives from the Russia, the United Nation, and the European Union, which began shaping up the international policy necessary for a peace accord.Case Study Many amendments and revisions has been taken place to the statement which was issued by the Quartet regarding the roadmap for peace on September 17, 2002, therefore the course of studys outline is changing with time seeing the international events that has taken place. As stated earlier both the Palestinian and the Israeli authorities have reservations upon the projects various versions, which they have reported, but still some experts say based on evidence that the Palestinians are opening up and beginning to comply with what the roadmap has to offer.On the other hand, the Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon only made empty promises and there is no evidence whatsoever that Israel would go ahead with the plan. In the October of the same year, the American President Bush amended and issued his version of the roadmap, which was more detailed than the previous version and was based on the input, which he received from the Israeli and Palestinian authorities. The key reservations from the side of the Israeli government is the issue of terrorism i. e.how will the Palestinian authorities act if the terrorist activities continue and would the Palestinian government be able to handle the terrorism. The Israelis feel that this roadmap for peace may fail due to the same reasons which were responsible for the failure of the Oslo process i. e. many agreements were made but nothing were done to implement them effectively. The Palestinian authority on the other hand has accepted the plan but has not implemented the key emergency of the plan, which was to put an end to terrorist activities.Likewise, the Israeli government la ter agreed with the plan but made fourteen reservations on the plan and like the Palestinian authority has not implemented the crucial step of the first phase, which was to freeze all the activities relating to the settlement activity and the removal of illegal check posts from the Palestinian territories. The effect that the Iraq war has on the roadmap for peace or the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in general is immense. Due to the failure of the Bush policies in Iraq and the loss of thousands of innocent lives has made President Bushs policies regarding Iraq a target for much criticism.Furthermore, these policies have created a feeling of great hatred among the Muslims of the world against these policies and the West in general, because of which terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda take advantage and recruit and brainwash these already angry Muslims. Therefore, to redeem his position in the eyes of the world and especially among the Muslim world peace in the Middle East seems the best option available. Therefore, the Bush administration has to come up with options that will be acceptable to both the sides and if proposed properly Israel may accept the roadmap as being under pressured from the Quartet.Israel has faced a lot of criticism from the international community when it comes to human right violation, which has left Israel vulnerable so the Quartet could impose a roadmap on it. In 2004, Bush presented the roadmap with two significant changes as a part of the new American policy for the roadmap, and expected a final outcome of the conflict. The Israeli leader Ariel Sharon readily accepted the newer version of the plan as the two changes that Bush made seemed favored Israel a lot. The first change was on the issue of borders, which Bush suggested that it would be unwise for Israel to go back to the borders as in 1949.The second issue was of the Palestinian refugees, for which Bush stated that It seems clear that an agreed, just, fair and realistic framew ork for a solution to the Palestinian refugee issue as part of any final status agreement will need to be found through the establishment of a Palestinian state and the settling of Palestinian refugees there rather than Israel. So no final agreement was reached. The same year saw the demise of Arafat which the US saw as a significant moment in Palestinian history.Abbass was elected in january 2005 and was invited to the white house hoping for a breakthrough atlast in the conflict after Arafats death who was regarded as a terrorist by the American authority. The summer another wave of voilence erupted between Palestinian and the Israelis and faded the hope for a peaceful outcome. The same year in August the world saw the withdrawl of Israeli forces and settlers from the Gaza strip and the West Bank, the withdrawl was initiated by the Israeli prime minister ariel sharon, who also left the Likud party joined a more moderate one.The withdrawl was heavily appreciated all around the worl d and the international for once saw a ray of hope amidst the darkness of the bloody conflict. In January 2006 Sharon got a massive heart shaft and retreated from the party , the same month saw the Palestinian ruling party Fatah got defeated by Hamas, a group which the USA had labeled as a terrorist organisation long ago. Hamas has always held the views for the destrution of Israel.Therefore immediately after the Hamass victory USA and Israel called for the financial and the diplomatic isolation of the new Palestinian government and this also put an end to any more peace talks with the Palestinian government because both Israel and USA refused to recgnise Hamas in the government. Ehud Olmert succeded Sharon in the elections of May 2006 as the prime minister of Israel, who promised the extremity of the withdrawl of Israeli forces from most of the parts of the West Bank by 2010. in the same year fresh clashes started between Hamas and the israeli forces in the Gaza strip.In the same year Israel clashed with Hezbollah in Lebanon and suffered casualities and upon admitting defeat withdrew its forces from Lebanon. This conflict had an important impact on the road map and many construe these clashes as an end to the roadmap peace process. In the October of the same year an Israeli news paper revealed that the government was still developing new settlements in the West Bank, even though Olmert promised the withdrawl and the removal of the settlements. Many of these settlements were being made on Palestinian property that even the Israeli government recognise as being theirs.For a fear of a political crisis with the USA and for the fear of being criticised by the international community , the report was kept a secret. The situation of the Middle East was worsened by civil clashes between the two major Palestenian groups Hamas and Fatah. Whether or not the Roadmap for Peace succeded or achieved its desired results or outcomes is really hadrd to tell because the succ ess or the failure of the project solely depends on how sincerely both the parties work for the restoration of peace making sure that their ideologica differences do not interfere with the peace plan.The international community have countless times tried to maintain peace between the two sides by proposing a solution which would be acceptable to both the parties, but every time due to some reason or the other the peace process seems to end with completion possibly because the terms and the conditions of the proposed agreements were not suitable for one of the party or during the peace process a deadlock creates due to clashes or hostilities e. g. the second intifada.The Roadmap for peace plan guaranteed the creation of an independant Palestinian state wxisting side by side with Israel in peace, it also promises the Palestinians that Israel will withdraw its troops and freeze the building of its settlements on Palestinian territories. So far nothing of this sort has happened so baica lly the roadmap as I see it has failed because it failed to provide what it promised to the Palestinians and the Israelis. The Palestinians still have to live under a constant threat of being attacked or even killed by the Israeli forces anytime, not even the children are safe.The Israelis have to face the Palestinian revenge when some loved one of theirs die in a suicide attack. Both sides have endured countless casualties mostly civilians and the innocent people. Further more the building of the jetty around the Palestinians have complicated issues even further and has restricted the Palestinians to a limited area of land only, there are only two openings and travel to the world outside the wall is not possible air, sea or land. It is seen as another illegal attempt tocapture Palestinian land.The international community have proposed many proposals inaddition to the ones mentioned above but all of them have not proved any useful. USA has been playing the role of an initiator of peace talks between the two authorities for many years now, but as USA is a close ally of Israel and have political advantages to reap from Israel, the muslim world in general see the sfforts being made by the American government as inefficient or being biased and always in the favor of Israel.They feel that it is in the power of the American government to force Israel out of Palestenian areas and to make Israel stop the killings of the innocent but still America is loth to do such a thing and make peace in the region. The United Nations too has passed many declaration agaisnt the violations of human rights, which includes the killings and the destruction of homes of the Palestinian, by the Israeli government but Israel has never taken any heed.The united nations has also passed a number of resolutions against the barrier and the International Court of Justice has also issued an order which describes the barrier as illegal an orders to be stripped down . Israel on the other hand ha s ruled out the decision of the International Court formula that it did not considered the courts jurisdication. In a 2004 report Amnesty International wrote that The fence/wall, in its present configuration, violates Israels obligations under international human-centred law. The world council of churches has also condemned the barrier saying that it is a serious violation of human rights and humanitarian consequences owing to the construction of the barrier. Some international governments do support the Israeli actions but still oppose the barrier as it is built outside the 1949 armistice lines. Conclusion The conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians have been going around for decades it has not only sabotage peace in that particular region but has also effected the neighboring countries as well.The conflict has created many problems and many enemies for the state of Israel. Many people think Israel as an illegal state which donot have the right to exist, where as there are a group of people which agree the right of Israel to exist as a nation, as a state but not at the cost of the annexation of Palestinian land and not by the killing of the Palestinian. The Roadmap for Peace, even though has been accepted by all the sides but still has done little to promote peace in the region because no sincere efforts have been made to implement the plan.However over years of negotiations the RoadMap remains the only alternative that leaders from both the sides have agreed upon , whereas agreements like the Geneva initiative still has a long way to go before it is officially accepted by the leaderships of the two parties. Many experts view the geneva accord as a better means of promoting peace among israelis and the palestinians because the accord provides many realistic solutions to problems which have been evaded in the past agreements. An article in the Israeli news paper commented thatTel Aviv Maariv (Israeli, Hebrew-language, centrist), April 22 The Israe li-Palestinian conflict today isnt just a conflict between leaders and worldviews, it is a conflict between two peoples filled with bitterness and hatred, between parents and children who have lost many of their relatives and their belief in peace. They will not place their destiny in breezy promises of a new Middle East. There is not, and there cannot be, an agreement for mutual trust between the two peoples in this manner. Perhaps in the next generation. U. S.President George Bushs road map is a positive step but nothing more. Even if both sides agreed to accept it exactly as it is written, without changes or comments (and there is no possibility of that happening), there is nothing in the road map or in Bushs vision that will allow the spanning of a bridge across the deep abyss between the two peoples and which would bring an end to the dispute. Dan Shilon As far as I am concerned and I see it the palestinian are the opressed here, because as I see it the Jews were the one who w ere the outsiders, the immigrants, it was the courtesy a

Relationship Between Iman, Ibadah and Akhlak Essay

Praise be to Allah S.W.T. the Most Compassionate and the Most Merciful, as the deliberaters praise Him and whitethorn He send blessings and peace upon our prophet, Muhammad Rasulullah S.A.W. and upon nevertheless of his forefathers, his brethren of prophets and messengers, his family and his companions. Worship is not simply the observation of ritualistic acts. It is a sincere kind of religious experience. In fact, it comprises of physical(prenominal) and intentual expression of the man reputation on a higher level of consciousness. The Al-Quran says, Prostrate yourself in adoration and bring yourself closer (to divinity fudge). (9619) The prophet, Muhammad Rasulullah S.A.W. was once asked, What is the event of ibadah? He replied, The godliness of beau ideal as though you atomic number 18 find oneselfing Him. Or, if you be not receiveing Him, He is seeing you. All acts in our passing(a) manner atomic number 18 considered as worship whether it is hidden or on the e yes of the public. Worship in Islam hold to a concept which looks an individual as a whole not only personal contact or relationship with divinity. Therefore, this is how worship is said related to akhlak ( incorruptity) and iman ( trustingness). Allah S.W.T. instructed prophet Muhammad Rasulullah S.A.W. in Al-Quran, Say Truly, my request and my service of sacrifice, my heart and my death, are (all) for Allah, the Cherisher of the Worlds. No partner hath, He This, am I commanded and I am the first of those who how to His provide. (Surah An-Nisa, 6162-163) As an individual worships Allah S.W.T., he or she must defend care of his or her manners in the best possible manners that one can show and practice. In other words, the combination of a loyal worship and sincere in piety or ethics are a way to gain strong religion. Islam is a simple way of life. In fact, in Islam, there is no enforcement to Muslim on worship and on how to act in public. Muslim is throw in the towel to do what they want to do as long as it does not against the hukum in Islam. In seeking the merriment of Allah S.W.T., an individual must have the right strength in ethics and worship in order to posses a strong faith.THE CONCEPT OF IBADAH (WORSHIP) IN ISLAMIbadah or worship in Islam is an all-inclusive stipulation for all that Allah S.W.T. loves of a person, both internally, in the form of thoughts and intentions as well as externally, in the form of sayings and achieves. Inother words, worship is everything that an individual intends, says or does for the pleasure of Allah S.W.T. It includes ritualistic acts, for instance, prayers, fasting, pilgrimage and charity. It similarly extends to beliefs, social activities and personal contributions to the welfare of society. Generally, there are two types of worship according to the concept of Islam. First kind of worship is a worship that has been prescribed at a specified time- prayers, fasting, pilgrimage and almsgiving. This form of d evotions is called as the five pillars of Islam. Other than that, there are alike unspecified terms of worship or ibadah which consist of zikir and fikr, meaning to remember Allah S.W.T. with feelings of fear and love. The second form of worship or ibadah aims for the mental activation of human administration so that an individual will be able to see Allah S.W.T. signs in every thing the individual across in daily life. This is the worship or ibadah which is obligatory for every Muslim throughout and individuals life. Another important component in the concept of worship or ibadah in Islam is the identification that Allah S.W.T. pleasure is earned through the performance of ritualistic acts as well as the ethics when dealing with the situation in daily life. Islam does not stand for much of mere ritualistic acts when they are performed mechanically and have no influence to an individuals inner self. It is not righteousness that you turn your faces towards the eastern or the W est but righteousness is to believe in Allah and the Resurrections Day, and the Angels, and the books, and the Prophets, and out of His love, spend ones choice wealth for relatives and orphans, for the needy and the wayfarer, for beggars and for the ransom of slaves, and try out the prayers and pay the almsgiving, and to fulfil the pledges that you have made, and to patiently persevere in pain and in adversity and throughout all periods of panic. Such are the people of lawfulness and such are the Allah-fearing. (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2171)THE CONCEPT OF IMAN (FAITH) IN ISLAMAllah S.W.T. the Almighty says,O you who have faith Respond to God and the Messenger when He calls you to unto that which gives you life, and know that God comes in amid a man and his heart, and that to Him you shall be mustered. (Surah AlAnfal, 824) And says,Those who have faith, and have not confounded their faith with aversiondoing to them belongs the true security, they are rightly guided. (Surah Al-Anam, 68 2). And He says,But whosoever turns away from My remembrance, his shall be a life of narrowness, and on the Resurrection Day, We shall raise him blind. He shall say, O my Lord, why have you brocaded me blind, and I was wont to see? God shall say, Even so it is. Our signs came unto you, and you forgot them, and so today you are forgotten. (Surah Ta Ha, 20124126), And saysBy the individual, and Him who shaped it, inspiring it with its lewdness and its God consciousness. Prosperous is he who purifies it, and a failure is he who stunts it. (Al-Shams, 91710) The technical meaning of faith is firm belief in something real, based on evidence. Experts in this subject have defined faith as being to believe with the heart and proclaim with the tongue some have added to act with the body. Or, in the words of Abu Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Salam trust is to have sincere devotion to God with the heart, to testify this with the tongue, and to act on it with the body. An individual who accepts faith wil l enter the fold of Islam. Faith is not simply a recitation of kalimah, creed of Islam. According to the Al-Quran, it is a maarifah that is, realisation. Thus, realisation of truth is the door to Islam. When an individual discovers that Islam is truly Gods religion and it is the homogeneous truth and individual has been seeking all along, an individual will undergo a unique experience of realisation. This is a maarifah. fashioning any kind of discovery revolutionises an individuals life but when this discovery is of the truth, this intellectual revolution becomes synonymous with the emergence of a new life in the individual. This kind of intellectual is not a simple event, it turns man into superman and gives and individual the longest mission of the individuals life. It regulates the individuals life in such a way that no part of it remains unaffected. The individual will begin to see all of humanity as the individuals family and the entire universe as his abode. Such discoverer becomes a maker of history rather than a product of history. This is the miracle of faith or iman. It was this faith or iman which enabled the prophet Muhammad Rasulullah S.A.W. and his companions toproduce the miraculous of all miracles. Faith or iman refers to the inner aspect of the religion and denotes a believers faith in the metaphysical realities of Islam. The term faith mention in both Al-Quran and a hadith of Gabriel A.S. Allah mentions, The messenger has believed in what revealed to him front His lord and the believers. All of them believe has believed in Allah and His Angels and His Books and His Messengers. (Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 285)THE CONCEPT OF AKHLAK (MORALITY) IN ISLAMThe word piety comes from the Latin word moralitas meaning manner, character, and proper behaviour. Morality generally refers to a edict of conduct, that an individual, group or society holds as commanding, in distinguishing right from wrong. Such an ideal computer code of conduct is often promo ted in preference to other alternatives. Islam as a comprehensive way of life encompasses a complete moral system that is an important aspect of its creation-view. We live in an age where near(a) and evil are often looked at as relative concepts. Islam however, holds that moral positions are not relative, and instead, defines a universal standard by which actions may be deemed moral or immoral. Islams moral system is striking in that it not only defines morality, but also guides the human race in how to achieve it, at both an individual as well as a collective level. It is to live among ones fellow men according to the moral teachings of Islam. The aroma of Muslim morality or akhlak is consequently set forth and given in a hadith, Behave with others as you would similar them to behave towards you. (Sahih Bukhari) By nature, everyone knows what shed light on of conduct he approves of and of what sort he disapproves. So, to follow this generally accepted moral criterion in rela tion to others is essentially in Islamic morality. Islam differentiates between social manners and social character. Social manners are based on the principle do as they do but Islamic morality or akhlak is based on the formula of unilateral and unconditional positive conduct. Do good to others even if they are not doing good to you. (At-Tabrani) So great an importance has been attached in Islam to moral character that it has been set up as a criterion by which to judge all other Islamic virtues. If an individual is good in relation to other human beings, he or she will also serve as the evidencethat an individual also is good in relation to Allah S.W.T. According to the Al-Quran there are three etymons of it, and all the three are imbedded in human nature. They are, 1. The Commanding Self (Nafs-e-Ammara) is the self, which stimulates the human being towards evil. We read in the Al-Quran,Yet I do not hold myself to be free from weakness, for the Commanding Self (the animal self) is surely given over to enjoin evil, except on whom my Lord has mercy. (1253) There are various natural and moral states of human being. According to the Al-Quran the state arising out of the human beings animal self, Nafs-e-Ammara (the Commanding Self) is the first source of morality if the weapon of reason is applied. The reasoning faculty in the human being is sufficiently well developed to give way his behaviour critically and to perceive the immediate and remote consequences of his actions. It is the burden of the critical exercise of reason that comes into play on inappropriate occasions and animal like actions, functioning as a control. This exercise of reason and control take then the hue of moral states. In other words, the foundation of good moral philosophy lies in our natural emotions and instincts, and good morals are nothing more than appropriate and controlled exercise of these naturally endowed powers and instincts. Hunger and sexuality are the primary commanding needs of humans and animals. Now if these basic commanding forces are brought under control through fasting and marriage, they become virtues. The Al-Quran has not only discussed in detail the basic human emotions and instincts, but also has gone further by investigating the underlying causes for arousal of these emotions, the need for such an arousal and has also explained how to bloodline and sublimate these emotion towards morality. 2. The Self-Accusing Spirit (Nafs-e-Lawwama) is the second source of morality, the one judging the excellence of morals. It is the voice of the conscience which becomes loud when an act of lewdness is being done. every(prenominal) human being is gifted with this voice. We read, And I swear by (and bring to witness) the Self-accusing Soul (Nafs-e-Lawwama the innate self reproaching spirit, at the doing of an evil deed as an evidence). (752) Nafs-e-Lawwama is thus what we call the living perception of ones psychological condition or the call of the i nner voice. One aspect of getting a public opinion from the voice of the conscience and from ones heart is that when we are about to commit any action we should first imagine to applysuch an action to ourselves. If we are not adversely affected by this action and if it proves to be good and effective for us, such an action would also be beneficial and good for others. And if we cannot accept it for ourselves, then it must be assumed that it is neither appropriate for others. All those who act unfairly towards others, should put their own persons in place of others and see how they would like such an act to be perpetrated against them. The Holy Prophet is reported to have said, When wanting to decide whether something is good or bad, ask your heart and innersoles, and take it that the deed, the commission of which gives you a feeling of satisfaction to the heart and innersoles, is a virtuous deed and the deed which rankles in the heart and produces perturbation and hesitancy in the attend is a sinful deed, even though the people may tell you that it is a lawful deed. The question that arises at this juncture is that if this Nafs-e-Lawwamah, the self accusing spirit is present in every person, and every person is endowed with a voice of the conscience, why is it that a lot of persons still commit immoral acts? The adjudicate to this is simple. Though our conscience does raise its voice of protest and the commission of such an act, people mostly do not pay heed to it. Secondly, immorality is a poison. Repeated doses of this poison blunt or destroy the conscience. 3. Love and Faith in the All-Mighty is the third and the ultimate source of morals. Once a Muslim Sufi was asked, how can we free ourselves from unlawful prohibited things and from afflictions and find peace and tranquillity? He replied, through a firm faith in Allah, for one gets free of all weaknesses and calamities through such a faith. Faith in God is the foundation stone of the Quranic Code of E thics, not only in the sense that the comprehend Attributes are like milestones on the way to good morals, but also from the angle that our faith in God strengthens our heart to achieve the good and negative the evil. The angels of God guide such a person and he starts to live a life of peace and security, freeing himself of the filth of vice and sin. It is through this channel the human soul finds its ultimate peace and tranquillity which is called in the Al-Quran Nafs-e Mutmainnah the Soul at Peace. (As for the person who has been blessed with a contented and peaceful mind He will say to him,) O you soul at peace Come back to your Lord well-pleased with Him and He well-pleased with you. Enter the fold of My chosen servants, and enter the tend made by Me. (8927-30) It is wrong to say that a disbelief in Goddoes not produce any defect or diminishing effect on ones morals, and confirmation of the existence of God does not strengthen ones moral powers. Among the principles propose d by the Al-Quran for faith in God is the principle of Retribution and Recompense for ones deeds and this is an important principle in the laws of nature. A person who is merely adhering to a moral code only uses his own person or the society at his personal discretion, and by doing so he thinks that he is becoming better civilized and armed service the society. He has no motivation of getting any reward. But when the Al-Quran motivates us towards higher morals, it simultaneously tells us that by adopting higher morals we not only improve and reform society, but we are also making our next life better. Verily, those who say, Allah is our Lord, and then remain steadfast (and follow the straight path), the angels will fall down upon them (saying), Have no fear nor grieve rather rejoice at the glad tidings of receiving the Gardens (of Paradise) which you have been promised. (4130) The existence of moral forces within the human personality emanates from and is subservient to the inbor n faculties of a human being and there exists a natural impulse towards morality in the human makeup. The human faculties which are inbuilt in human nature in its inner aspect as opposed to the outer and physical aspect are denoted by the word Khulq. Khulq is the term which describes that habitual and firm disposition in a human by virtue from which moral actions flow spontaneously and effortlessly. All the moral principles that exist are nothing else but a manifestation of natural human emotions and nature is the source of them all. A person becomes laudable only when his natural faculties and personal disposition take on a moral hue through training. If such actions are good and laudable when judged by common sense and the Law, such a disposition is called a virtuous disposition, and if such actions are bad and condemnable, such a disposition is called an evil disposition (Ahya Al-Alum by Imam Ghazali). Thus the source of all morals is within the nature of a human being his disp osition and his various natural states. If human faculties are the source of morals, and sometimes we see immoral actions emanating from human beings, are we to understand that some of these emotions and faculties are evil in themselves? The Al-Quran has answered this question in the negative, telling us that the headwaters of human birth are not mudded, nor is sin and immoral behaviour an intrinsic part of hisnature. The human being is simple and pure by nature. Its true nature is endowed with counselor-at-law and Divine inspiration he has been created in the finest make and endowed with righteousness We have surely created the human being in the finest make and the best proportions (with long capabilities for an all round advancement through the process of evolution). Then (according to Our law of cause and consequence) We degrade him to as the lowest of the low (if he does evil deeds). Different, however, is the font of those who believe and do deeds of righteousness. There aw aits them a never ending reward. (943-6) Thus, the evil in the human beings is something which evolves later as a consequence of their training. (945) in addition The Holy Prophet is reported to have said,No infant is born except with an inborn sense of natural goodness, and then his parents make him into a Jew, Christian or a Muslim. (Sahih Bukhari). In other words, a human being is born innocent and unblemished in his nature. (944), and he does not enter this world carrying a load of original sin. Those who think that a human being is sinful by birth have erred. Similarly it is a wrong confidence that a human being is the product of some earlier life and his present birth is an outcome of some previous birth, and that he is caught up in the ramifications of his actions in some previous existence, as is believed by some. That is why in the Al-Quran there is no mention of original sin, atonement or transmigration of soul as these are the products of human fantasy with no evidence at all for their support. It must be understood that there is a difference of whole tone and quantity of natural powers in various individuals. There is a difference between emotional origins and practical manifestations of emotions and these differences give rise to a vast sea of moral values, and this sea has been enclosed in the small canvas of Quranic moral code.THE HIKMAH OF INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN IMAN IBADAH AND AKHLAK The relationship between faith and worship will result a maintained and stabilised worship that will ensure the faith in an individuals heart thicken and stronger. Meanwhile, the relationship between worship and morality is the complete way of life in Islam as they maintain good behaviour and manners where ever they are and whatever they do, in the sametime maintaining a good worship or ibadah to Allah S.W.T. by following the five pillars of Islam and also the Sunnah of our prophet Muhammad Rasulullah S.A.W. Therefore, the connection between faith, worship an d morality are closely consistent and if one is lost then it is incomplete. Imagine it like a tolerate wall as faith, pillar of a house as worship and roof as morality. If one feature is gone, the house will be incomplete or in other words will crash down.CONCLUSIONPraise be to Allah S.W.T. the Most Compassionate and the Most Merciful, as the believers praise Him and may He send blessings and peace upon our prophet, Muhammad Rasulullah S.A.W. and upon all of his forefathers, his brethren of prophets and messengers, his family and his companions. Worship, faith and morality is connected to each other as they are the basis in Islam for seeking the pleasure from Allah S.W.T. Worship is all acts in our daily life regardless of its status, hidden or on the eyes of the public. Faith is to have sincere devotion to Allah S.W.T. with the heart, to testify this with the tongue, and to act on it with the body while morality or akhlak can be defined as the manners or good behaviour in our dail y life. These three components are important things in the completion of an individuals human soul need to seek pleasure from Allah S.W.T. To conclude, an individual must perform the ritualistic acts to Allah S.W.T. not only by personal means but consider to represent the individuals whole life to Allah S.W.T. as well as practicing good behaviour or manners in daily life to ensure the possession of stronger faith.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Al-Quran2. Muhammad Al-Ghazali (1991). Akhlak Seorang Muslim. Kuala Lumpur Victory Agencie. 3. Ahmad M. Saefuddin (1984). Ibadah dalam Islam. Jakarta Lembaga Islam untuk Penelitian Masyarakat. 4. Profesor Dr. Hamka (1982). Iman dan Amal Shaleh. Jakarta Pustaka Panjimas. 5. Habib Ali al-Jifri (2012). The Concept of Faith in Islam. Jordan The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought. 6. The Essence of Islam. http//www.cpsglobal.org/content/essence-islam

Operations inventory management: Defining replenishment from requirements philosophy Essay

The requirements philosophy of inventory management and control aims to balance victimize term lower inventory and higher customer servicing. The materials requirements planner first determines the total amount of parts undeniable to produce a particular souvenir on the exertion schedule. That is winning the output of a certain production schedule to be able to determine the needed items and raw materials, input, required to fatten out it. Current stock of parts are then located at the inventory database. The on-hand inventory is then subtracted from required quantity.The task is to break down the production schedule into all required parts which shall be used to schedule purchasing and manufacturing. (Burton & Bragg 2000). Requirements philosophy also recognizes the existence of subassemblies which is usually produced in advance or in parallel run prior to the manufacture of the final product or assembly. A schedule of the quantity and completion of the assemblies must be br isk to determine the exact date on which any part shall be purchased. Requirements planning involved timing.It extracts from the item master file the number of days or lead term required for a supplier to deliver a certain item from date of purchased. The cycle time or production time of each assembly must be determined to be able to achieved accuracy in production scheduling and purchase. Requirement philosophy is closely even to the timing of transactions. Any change in the production schedule has a definite impact to major transaction changes that will call for urgent messages for urgent orders. (p. 150).Inventory replenishment refers to the need to calculate cost structures by using training about demand for better understanding of network topologies. It aims to understand service aim requirements and its direct impact on inventory investment and allocation based on their relative supply chain. The inventory planner needs the information from the materials requirements plan ner to be able to manage direction and control of the flow of operations for the purpose of getting the perfect inventory level for a particular item for a specific period.Allowances on replenishment quantities at reorder point were then made for replenishment lead time and calculated gum elastic stock to accommodate possible market demand fluctuations. This serves to be critical for incorrect information could mean probable stock out. Reorder actions served to preserve the rightfulness of the management inventory serviceability. Aspects of item cost, item physical and chemical characteristics, continuity of demand, shipping characteristics, and storage and handling requirements of the items were all taken into considerations.The determination of the reorder level then is guided by accurate computation of production cycle or working stock cycle which will temporarily respond to the modal(a) level of customer demand occurring during the period. Furthermore, a safety or buffer sto ck are then set on top of the level of requirements performing as allowances or additional inventory added to cycle stock in the event of variance in the normal distribution of demand. (Ross 1996).To differentiate, requirements philosophy supplies the specific requirements needed to support and complete a production schedule while replenishment philosophy is being computed on top of the required level of inventory taking into consideration the external factors of cost, lead time, shipping and storage requirements of the item in particular marked by determining a reorder level judicial admission for each item or raw materials on record with high consideration on the factors of demand and supply availability.

How does Shakespeare create an effective opening to Hamlet? Essay

The key purpose with the opening of any piece of literature is to influence and enthral the reader and obviously Shakespe atomic number 18 having the fame and staggering success that he has had, must be head aware of this. If questions are left in the readers mind at a time reading the opening to this script or watching the play, they engage the earreach as they want these questions answered and believe that as the play unfolds they will be. The attitudes and values of the characters that are introduced in the first act contribute greatly to the sense of suspense the audience feels.Shakespeare begins the play with the entry of two minor characters two Sentinels. By doing this the audience only get a second hand taste of what the key themes are going to be later on in the play. There is no omniscient feel to this first act, only an air of mystery. The very first line spoken by Barnardo, Whos there? even creates this sense of unk at a timeledgeable, and to a fault implies that t he Sentinels are on edge for some reason and perhaps even frightened. This question is then repeated by the second sentinel, Francisco, as Horatio and Marcellus answer.Again the ambiguity of the question, has this thing appeard again tonight? creates mystery and a feel of foreboding. A ghost then appears and it is absolutely clear that the sentinels are vastly frightened, tremble and look pale. The soupcon then disappears without speaking, despite Horatios efforts, I charge thee speak. This allows the audience to wonder what this Ghost has come to ensure the Sentinels and as the characters discuss the Ghost, both the audience and characters are as bewildered at this entry of this supernatural being.When the ghost reappears it is hopeful that it will speak, however at the exact point it appears it is about to, Shakespeare again dangles the carrot under the audiences nose as a cock crows disrupting the Ghost and causing it to instantaneously disappear. The anonymity of the Ghost appearing in the first act instigates the audience to speculate over the significance of the Ghost and the anonymity of its appearance. Further more the appearance of the Ghost allows the audience to sack the importance of Horatio within the play, he is an educated scholar who is clearly respected by the sentinels.However at this point it is unclear to the audience the reason for which he will play a key role in the play. Carrying on from this the setting in which this first scene is set also adds to the sense of unknowing and mystery. The scene is set outside the castle of Elsinore on a gun-platform this suggests to the audience even at this early stage that war or battles will be present later on in the play as castles are built solely for the purposes of protect in conflict.It is also dark and night, this adds to the fear of the sentinels as they cannot see who it is that approaches them. This is clear with the opening line Whos there? spoken by Barnardo. Furthermore perhaps t he dark night setting is intentional slaphappy fallacy by Shakespeare, as the characters and even the audiences unknowing towards the Ghost is mirrored by the way in which the characters cannot see clearly and have to ask of who approaches them.This hapless fallacy is carried on into the ending of the scene, as the cock crows and it becomes morning the sense of fear leaves the sentinels, this is shown with the semantic knowledge bases used in their speech, of love and life. Although a good deal is still unknown when this first scene ends many themes are vaguely introduced to the audience. Death is clearly evident with the spontaneous appearances and disappearances of the Ghost. There is a semantic field of ending running throughout the dialogue, Shakespeare uses descriptive words like look pale, and also dead hour.This adds to the audiences feeling of unease as well as illustrating the characters. Also the old powerfulness Hamlet is said to be similar to the Ghost in appearanc e, this is a way of Shakespeare indirectly introducing the theme of the death of the King, and also as the death is obviously fresh in the mind of the sentinels and Horatio so it seems to be the case that this will be an avid theme within the play. Barnardo states when the Ghost first appears that it is In the same figure as like the King that is dead.Another key theme that is introduced is war, this is introduced through the setting itself as I have already mentioned, but also through the discussion of the guards and Horatio proceeding the departure of the Ghost. The Ghost was wearing the armour he (the dead King) had on when he th ambitious Norway combated. Suggesting perhaps there is still conflict going on, but Shakespeare is clever as he never explicitly lets the audience know what is going on in this first scene, grabbing their attention and interesting them further in what is commencing in the play.This first scene finishes with Horatio and the guards going to impart their w ord of honor of the Ghost onto young Hamlet. This shows a great respect for Hamlet, it also implies that Hamlet is the King as the audience have previously been told that Old King Hamlet has died. This is rather ironic as later the audience come to find out that in fact it is young Hamlets uncle that is now become King through an unconventional marriage. So putting this into perspective this could imply that some subjects, such as Horatio slightly resent the marriage of the ottoman to Hamlets uncle.I conclude that this is an extremely effective opening written by Shakespeare as it constantly engages the audience, and makes the audience feel a need to know more of what the play is about. Intro 1para (this one) on characters DONE 1 para on setting DONE 1 para on themes introduced war, death, and mentions old king hamlet-suggesting he has only died recently as still fresh in minds. 1 para on lang n dramatic techniques Conc.

Imprint of Italian and Irish Americans on the American Culture Essay

On July 4th 1776, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Carefully written on this scribe and on the foundation of this nation are the intrinsic rights to Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. (Declaration of Independence, n.d.) While some of the values and ideas of this document come from the Statess m another(prenominal)land, England, the promised rights to the free world are overlap by no other nation. For this reason, The American Dream is dreamt not only by natural born citizens of this nation, simply by some(prenominal) people all around the world. everywhere twelve million immigrants during the belated 1800s and early 1900s passed through Ellis Island, the first federal immigrant inspection station of the free world.Of the newcomers, a portion of them consisted of Italian Americans and Irish Americans. end-to-end history, these groups have contributed to what is termed multiculturalism. Being the nonage, these two groups have also experienced power-con flicts through their quests of assimilation. The two ethnic groups faced many challenges that helped create what is believed to be the melting megabucks to many ethnicities and racial groups.For The JourneyWhile the American Dream is a common value, the aspirations of the idea come from different motives. In Italy, a strong, and unfair naval division structure created such severe conditions that led to 1/3 of the nations population to immigrate to the new world. While the majority of this fraction came permanently for a new life, some came temporarily to make enough money to return to Italy and buy land. Simply owning land in Italy automatically escalated Italians within the family line structure. Many Italian Americans settled in Chicago Illinois, one of the largest growing cities in America at the time. Chicago offered much opportunity for cast, as it was the beau ideal producer of steel and aider to Americas industrial growth. Back in Ireland,the Irish had much more to deal with than just a harsh clique structure.Under English rule, Irish religious practices were repressed along with many other basic freedoms the Irish came to experience in America. A poor frugal situation due to chaos of rebellious battles led to much of Irelands population living an unsanitary lifestyle in mud huts well into the late 1800s. These living conditions led to diseases of more than half the population. When the Irish Americans first settled in Boston, they lived crammed into small, single-home houses with at least a couple more families. Many shared cellar, attic, and crawl spaces for living quarters (Youtube, 2011).Overall AssimilationAssimilation in deferred payment to the Italians and the Irish is much more complex and has become an identity reference in itself. Being the weak minority has demanded the Italians and Irish to accept and disregard many of their own practices to satisfy the leave out. Un give care the Irish, many Italians did not stick together, but li ved spread-out and separated from others. In fact, some tensions developed between some Italians groups based on what streets and neighborhood they lived on and in. Inside conflicts like this led to exterior conflicts as Americans began to depict Italian Americans as a dark and devious group within press. Italian Americans worked aphonic to reverse this depiction and to adhere to the dominate rule of society.When Mussolini began to restore Italy to what many people believed that to the equivalent of the Roman Empire eras, Italian Americans felt sense of pride. Mussolini knowing that he needed the approval of Italians worked hard to earn their respect. The world viewed Mussolini as a strong leader, and this view reflected off of the proud Italian Americans. However, when Mussolini declared war on the U.S. by joining forces with other fascist leaders, Italian Americans began to receive much ridicule from the dominate social class again. Meanwhile, Irish Americans needed little effor t to complete the process of assimilation. Having many of the same physical characteristics as the dominate groups of America, made it easier to focus on progression up the social ladder.The first generation, while working factory jobs like the Italian Americans, led a more togetherness of a lifestyle with one another in their group, which created a better support system. The support system created a stronger group and led to management positions. The secondgeneration focused heavily on education as much as the dominate class did. high education led to political offices within just the third generation of Irish Americans, which led to the Irish decorous part of the dominate group in America. A great example of this would be the Kennedy Family.Power-ConflictsPredicted to be the minority by the middle of the 21st century, the dominate white has been accused of trying to oppress the minority through tactics summarized by power-conflict theories. (Feagin & Feagin, 2011). When the Ital ians and Irish first immigrated to America, the first jobs they assumed were factory and railroad jobs. Running these factories were members of the dominate class. It is commonly believed that money is the result of triumph in America, just as the sum of money and success are equal to power.The contrast between the dominate and the minority was very much specify as there was not much of a middle class. It was without effort for the dominate factory runners and railroad heads to pay the minority the minimum for the dangerous work they provided, after all, the only thing factory workers had to provide was their labor while factory runners had the product of the factories. For a long time this was a recurring step up in terms of power-conflicts. This issue created so much unrest until the two groups gained support from within their own groups to develop labor unions.MulticulturalismMulticulturalism is a term that to this daylight produces many unsettled feelings of both unrest and excitement. America, regarded as the Melting Pot of many cultures is not even a fully multicultural nation, as this democracy has taken almost three hundred years to see the first African American president. While the Italians and the Irish have worked hard to assimilate to the slipway of this nation, they have also brought their culture onto this nation as well. Christopher Columbus day is proudly recognized by Italians as he was always considered the son of Italy. His finding of the new world has been an amazing accomplishment for the Italians. When the Italians finally had a voice in congress, they pushed to make the day a federal holiday (Youtube, 2011).Meanwhile, the strong trust practice as Catholics has also prompted holidays in favor of the Irish, such as St. Patricks Day. Withoutthe push by these groups to recognize these days, America may have not done so otherwise. It is important that days that attribute much to other cultures be recognized by America to promote mult iculturalism. For example another federal holiday that reminds America of equal rights among equal groups is Martin Luther King Day.ConclusionIn the late 1800s and early 1900s Italian and Irish Americans came to American to take advantage of the opportunities. The Italians settled primarily in Chicago, while the Irish settled in Boston. The two groups worked hard to assimilate through the trials and tribulations of power-conflicts and the everlasting multiculturalism. While the groups assimilated well by becoming an American version of their ethnicity, they also left an imprint on the overall culture of America. When both groups achieved political offices, days that were influential to their groups became federal holidays.ReferencesDeclatation of Independence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.archives.gov/exhibits/charter/declatation_transcript.html Feagin, J. R., & Feagin, C. B. (2011). racial and Ethnic Relations (9th ed.). New York, NY Prentice Hall. Library of Congress. (2014, M ay). ImmigrationIrish. Retrieved from http//www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationssandactivities/presentations/immigration/irish6.html Youtube. (2011, December). And they Came to Chicago The Italian American Legacy. Retrieved from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqeikaWQCyo Youtube. (2011, July). The Irish in America Part 1. Retrieved from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0sZ_jWcyl

Media events as holidays of mass communication

The authors introduced media points as the holidays of corporation communication. They introduced the topic to the readers by citing recent examples of what can be treated as media solutions. From a widely distributed overview of the personality of such events, the authors then move towards providing the readers with a view of what can be liked to media events. As such, they described media events as television ceremonies or jolly televisions, thereby pointing out that media events resemble the main characteristics of being festive, being akin to a celebration, and much more than like that of a very big event for the bay window media.After providing the readers an overview of the description of media events through finding events that nurture characteristics akin to such, the authors then set the grounds for the detailed description and analysis on the nature of media events. Such was done through the establishment of the nature of television musical genres.So as to provide the readers a clear delineation of the uniqueness of television from the separate media tools, the authors introduced the concept of television genres. The authors pointed out that in the same way that films and sign publications be classified, television shows besides have their own genres. However, the ways by which the genres of the movies and print publications are classified, differ from the pattern that television genre classification follows.Television genres are non classified according to those features used in film genre classifications such as themes, plots, cinematography, setting, characterizations, and other elements present in the film. However, as stated by Newcomb, the first person to attempt to classify television genre, television as a medium imposes an element of familism on each of the genres which it has inherited from the other media of popular culture. Despite such characteristic however, the classification process for television genres does not also follow the genre categorization followed by print publications such as the text, the angle of the story, and so on.As such, among the mentioned classifications of the television genre which the authors mentioned are the intelligence information and the soap operas. In the later part of their article however, the authors discuss the nature of media events in relation with its similarities and difference from news and the soap opera.The first difference of media event from other television, as cited by the authors was the fact that media events are not routine. They are not akin to the broadcast news shows where a specific pattern is followed as to when the television anchors will appear and report and which segments will come after another. In the case of media events, they comprise a wide range of events- it may be a wedding of a Royal prince, an impeachment trial of the President, the death of a prominent star, or any significant event that may demand consequence attention and i nterest from the public. Also, media events are delivered as spontaneous events were anything can happen.The authors also cited that media events demand and receive focused attention. They described media events as akin to an ultimate look shocker or stopper, where the media men will somehow dedicate their time and effort to a single event while the rest of the news- whatever pertinent event that can be considered as such- will be taken as a secondary priority. As such, media events are also described as something which will then demand the attention of the public as well.Also, the authors pointed out that media events interrupt the routine and they intervene with the normal flow of broadcasting. They cited examples where the normal line of shows was change so as to give way to the broadcasting of media events. Such act then emphasizes the importance of the media events over the other television genres. This characteristic of media events is then overemphasized when in some cases regular broadcasting is ultimately suspended so as to cater to the media events.Another important feature of media events that the authors pointed out was the fact that such are delivered in a monopolistic manner most of the time. As such, one can be able to determine that something is a media event when its broadcasting invades altogether the television channels.Media events are also unique because, as the authors stated, they happen live and the events are transmitted as they occur. This presents a major difference from news and other television shows such as soap operas where the show is recorded.The authors also point out that media events call for outside reporting. By this, we mean that mass communication is delivered from a different venue- depended of the media event itself. As such it is delivered not from the usual studies where mass communication is much controlled and monitored.However, it contrast of its being unique, the authors also site a feature which makes it sim ilar to the other genres- the fact that media events are often pre-planned. This means that the events are announced and advertised before it actually happens.Overall however, the authors note that the main differences of the media events are the fact that they are presented with reverence and ceremony.In this case, we can see that the authors failed to mention the relevance of such unique characteristics- what does these attributes mean, and what are its impact to the viewers and to the whole mass media industry as well. However, the authors made important notes to ponder as they stated why such television genre should attain academic attention.Among the many reasons they have stated are as followsa. Media events attract large audiences. Since the media events are delivered in a way that is highly interest catching, the viewers cannot resist but be attached to such. However, there are some points when the fact that it has large audiences makes the event qualify as a media event. Re gardless of this chicken-egg scenario however, media events should be studied because it provides impending do on a large group of public viewers.b. Media events make us realize the potential of electronic media technology. As stated earlier, media events are delivered outside the studio, they are also not routine and as such, they serve as a challenge not barely for the media personnel but for the mass media technology as well. Such moments test the efficiency and the limits of such.c. Media events make us realize that the media has the power to form its own hearty network. The ability to form a unique social network is seen as more and more people are inclined to be part of the media event. This social network does not only involve the mass media personnel and the actual attendees of the event, rather it involves all of those who get hooked to their televisions just now to crack the media event.d. Media events interrupt our life patterns. By life patterns, we mean not only th at of the usual television shows, but the routines in the lives of the viewers. Instead of going to social parties or watching movies, or playing golf, the viewers who get glued to watch media events does otherwise from their planned day to day activities.e. Media events show the art of journalism and television broadcasting. Such events give everyone the glimpse of journalism and broadcasting not just at work, but as challenged. These events how the mechanics of true journalism and demand the most of it as well.f. Media events give the people a view of the past and the future. By this, we mean that media events sometimes demand an elaborated check on the past so as to find historical links to the important event. Aside from that however, media events also allow us to assess the development of television, in accordance to its relevance to the life of the television viewing society.Overall, the authors introduced the nature of media events by linking it with other events that we are more familiar with. After the overview, a through description of media events is delivered as its similarities and differences to other television genres are explored. Towards the end, the authors then establish the importance of media events and the need to study such.ReferencesDayan, Daniel and Katz, Elihu. Media Events The reside Broadcasting of History (Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1992)Media Event. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000)