Role of Industrial Manager

The modern industrial manager is largely responsible for overlooking management operations at the workplace along with the management of people and technology. The role of the industrial manager is mainly personnel management initiatives for the employees as well as operational management and technology management through HR principles and knowledge management involving technological advances. Some of the theories that could be discussed in the context would be McGregor’s theory X-Y, Taylor and Fayol theories of management and how leadership skills of the manager could affect output and general performance of employees and the company. Role of manager: The focus here is on the role of the industrial manager, what he does and the tasks he is expected to perform. McGregor has formulated his X-Y theory by examining theories of individual behavior at work and his assumptions for theory X and theory Y vary considerably (McGregor, 2006). The theory X assumptions are that employees inherently dislike work and the managers feel that workers are in the job mainly because of the money. This sort of management style has inherent flaws as tight controls could go against the freedom of employees and will finally make people unproductive and resentful. The theory Y shows the management style marked by open-mindedness allowing individuals to work with their own responsibility. In this case, the manager believes that employees commit to their organizations through imagination, and creativity (McGregor, 2006; Weisbord, 2004). If the job is satisfying, individuals will more often commit to their organization which is always good from any HR perspective. Theory Y is often considered a positive set of assumptions for workers and reflects higher order needs. The other theories of management that could be used in practice would be Taylor’s scientific management theory that suggests that man is a rational economic animal concerned with his own economic gain and people tend to respond individually. Taylor’s theory suggests that people could be treated like machines and these principles suggest that high wages could be linked to motivation. However, considering humans as standardized machines would be like overlooking several individual differences and this would not be advantageous for any organization. Fayol’s theory emphasized on team dynamics and employee efforts in an organization (Fayol, 1988). Division of labor, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command and direction, emphasis on general interest, remuneration, centralization, line of authority, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative etc are some of the features in Fayol’s theory that points out to a successful management system within an organization. Conclusion: In conclusion the role of the industrial manager is associated with bringing out a balance between people’s sense of responsibility and economic and other gains of the company. The theories used here suggest that the industrial manager is responsible for understanding individual needs of employees as also their opinions and sense of responsibility. Bibliography Fayol, Henri. (1988) General and industrial management /Â  Henry Fayol. Pitman McGregor, Douglas. (2006) The human side of enterprise /Â  Douglas McGregor, updated and with new commentary by Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld. New York ;Â  London :Â  McGraw-Hill, Weisbord, Marvin Ross. (2004) Productive workplaces revisited :Â  dignity, meaning, and community in the 21st century /Â  Marvin R. Weisbord. [2nd ed.]. San Francisco, Calif. :Â  Jossey-Bass ;Â  Chichester :Â  John Wiley

Fight Club- Rebellion in Society Essay

In the novel Fight Club, Chuck Palahniuk uses the Fight Club, Project Mayhem, and its members to illustrate their need to rebel against the aspects of society they deem flawed. One of the main characters, Tyler Durden, acts as the protagonist and the antagonist in many different ways. Tyler, along with the narrator of the book start up a fight club so that they could let their frustrations at their lives and society out in a fist fight. The main thing about this is that its not about the fighting to them, its about the release and the freedom. It allows them to rebel against what society regards as normal and perfect. Most guys are at fight club because of something theyre too scared to fight. After a few fights, youre afraid a lot less (54). The men are at fight club because of something in their life thats not going the way they feel it should, or rather how society says it should. Fight club lets them realize that its ok because life isnt all that great anyhow. Tyler preaches that they will all die one day so they might as well accept that, because once they can accept their fate, they would be free to do anything. Until they could do that, they were useless to him because Tyler needed people who hit rock bottom. Palahniuk emphasizes that society has grown increasingly materialistic and that all people do are work at jobs they hate to buy things they dont need. Project Mayhem was started in the novel to be the buffer, a sort of socio-terrorist movement to rebel against society and bring it down to how they feel it should be. Tylers philosophy was that if everyone went back to zero and had to start all over, then things would be better. Attempting to give people what they thought were better lives were their acts of rebellion against society. Works Cited Fight Club, Chuck Palahniuk

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Assignment 2 - Essay Example The mathematical model presented by the Deming was considered to be unrealistic model. The new approach of business presented by Deming demanded to change the whole system and completely restructure the system. Restructuring the complete system made the model controversial. Deming’s concept of variation can be implemented to the classroom by understanding the statistical theory. With the implementation of the statistical theory, it is easy to reduce the impact of variation by implementing and enhancing technology, design of the study and through proper training of staff and students. A wood cutting machine cuts wood logs into desirable sized lumber. Wood logs are manually inserted with the help of lifting machine and then the logs are cut into half and then equal sized parallel strips of timber are cut. The common variation factors are hardness of the wood logs, wear of the cutting blades and machine vibrations. Some times the size of the wood logs differs from one another. In the similar manner, sometimes the blade stops rotating which is caused due to the slip of the motor bearing. Deming provided a systematic and mathematical quality control education method that required science, statics, and industrial engineering management. There is a need to generate vision, teach the students approached to be successful, decision should not only based on effective cost, constantly improve the system, train the staff and hire people with good knowledge and skills to teach, provide guidance to the students instead of being their lords, gain respect of the students instead of asking for the respect, reward the efforts of the students, never punish the students but allow than to self improve themselves. Juran’s philosophy emphasizes that quality, production and economy can be increased by improving the management. He described the three management improving ideas to improve the system’s

Fully- round character Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Fully- round character - Essay Example This is because, for a story or fiction to be fascinating, there is always a personality where the story revolves around. These characters’ fundamental attribute is that their story is told in sufficiency to allow people conclude that they are three-dimensional, genuine, rounded, innovative, outstanding, as well as true to life (â€Å"Character: The People of Fiction†, pp 9). This script will highlight the traits of a realistic, fully-round personality. It will also outline three examples of fully-round personage in different short stories. Fully round characters have many more aspects in their personalities as compared to flat or any other character in a play. They are usually the core of people’s focus in most of the fictions or short stories, and are portrayed by creativity as well as personality. These characters also have intrinsic traits, akin to every human being, which are brought about by the events of a story; therefore, their complete portrayal as characters is straightforwardly linked to the narratives relating to the lives they had lived (â€Å"Character: The People of Fiction†, pp 10). Hence, the fully-round character participates in the major part of a story, and they are the heroes in most of the times. However, some of these characters may not appear as heroic, but they are always the protagonists. They are essential to the accomplishment, progress in opposition to the antagonist, as well as display the capability to adjust to new circumstances. These characters are also most of the times dynamic since they identify and adapt to situations (â€Å"Character: The People of Fiction†, pp 11-14). There are so many examples of plays that portray fully-round characters, such as in the various plays written in the Seagull reader. For example, in the play â€Å"Fences†, by August Wilson, the fully round character, Troy Maxon, is an agitated garbage collector as well as ex-baseball participant. This character

Issues in Strategic Management Strategic Audit Exercise Essay

Issues in Strategic Management Strategic Audit Exercise - Essay Example Apple experienced good success during the late 1980s but after that there were testing times during the 90s. John Sculley, previously the CEO joined Apple in 1983. Sculley came to Apple with the valuable experience of the 'Cola-War' between Coke and Pepsi. Steven Jobs, more of technology oriented initially found this approach little weird, but later gave Sculley a free hand. Gradually, over the years, Apple has succeeded in regaining the lost glory to a great extent. Feb 27 edition of Business Journal (2007) points out that the ipod helped in this transformation process with the sale of over 90 million ipods since its launch in 2001. After this successful parade of its ipod, Apple has now taken up another ambitious product called 'iphone'. This gadget is an integration of an iPod, a mobile phone, a portable computing machine and a digital camera. With touch controls and an internet communication device the iphone is an innovative product from the armory of Apple. Slated for a full-fl edged launch in June 2007, iphone also has the Wi-Fi connectivity and Bluetooth features and it is based on quad-band GSM + EDGE technology. Now it is to be seen how Apple can mobilize its resources to convert this venture into another success story. Over the years Apple has also established a dependable value chain with strong links with its suppliers and distributors, but the spat with its arch rival Microsoft will not allow Apple to take things lying down, it'll have to be on the path of innovation with regular inputs from market. Though the iphone promises to be a cult item that may influence the industry to follow suit, yet there are certain finer edges which need to be smoothened before Apple expects an ipod like revolution. For example ipod became such a craze owing to its compatibility with the most popular music format-MP3, and the most popular operating system-Windows. But it at the moment industry analysts are keenly watching the verbal dual between Apple and Microsoft. O n the one hand Apple has issued a warning about MS Vista being a security threat to the ipods while on the other hand Microsoft chief Bill Gates underlined the importance of the 'software part' when asked for his views on Apple iphone. He sought to downplay the technological advancement and innovative features that Apple has put in it. This dual promises more fireworks in near future. Resources Audit Such an audit is done to identify different types of resources available to the company. Some of the resources that Apple Inc. could mobilize for carrying out its business are; Financial resources: The Company has been able to post a record revenue billion and record net quarterly profit of $1.0 billion, or $1.14 per diluted share for its fiscal 2007 first quarter ended December 30, 2006 (Apple, 2007). During the operations Gross margin was 31.2 percent, up from 27.2 percent in the year-ago quarter. What is the source of strength is that the International sales accounting for 42 percent of the quarter's revenue. The very fact that the company has been able to sustain the onslaught of Microsoft and IBM provides an insight into the strength of its financial resources. Company's consistent track record of dividend indicates that Apple values its

Legal Positivs and the Rules of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Positivs and the Rules of Law - Essay Example This provides for the security of the people as manifested by the institution of a government willing to be able to enforce it for the benefit of the majority of the population at the very least. Law and morality are destined to be intertwined for they serve the same purpose and to establish a thought of segregation in a positivist perspective would essentially diverse any of its very nature. Any law, even if it does presuppose to be primarily lacking of moral substance finds the very same although in what may be a distorted moral view of the few to rendered it into being. The source of any law must come from a moral perspective and this is inculcated therein by spirit. The discussion on the Utilitarian proposition on the distinction of law and morals has long found its way to stimulate conversation and debate over the great legal minds and has spanned centuries in the process. Austin said in his book ‘The Province of Jurisprudence Determined’ that â€Å"A law, which ac tually exists, is a law, though we happen to dislike it, or though it varies from the text, by which we regulate our approbation or disapprobation† (p.184). This has then on been the subject of reference by discourse from other authors in the legal profession. This is perhaps another source of the thesis found Hart’s article of his distinction between what law is and what it ought to be. Thus from this discussion of Hart we were introduced to the exemplification of the German woman who has divulged to the military her husband’s resentment to Hitler which was a source of punishment for the latter by virtue of a statue. Later on the wife was found guilty by the appellate court under the German Criminal Code of 1871 for denouncing her husband to the German courts (Hart, p.2). This law clearly antedated the woman’s act and the decision can be perceived to be fuelled primarily by the moral institution of the law by the court. But what concerns Fuller on Hartâ⠂¬â„¢s argument although the same was not an absolute positivist in the same level as Austin, was Hart’s position on a mere intersection of law and morals instead of clear convergence of the two. He then answered in retort and quite aggressively that the content of Hart’s article is confusing in the same way that the writer may have been just as confused of his hypothesis himself (Fuller, p.630). But despite this criticism, Hart’s one rhetoric finds its way to be an effective question that permeates through. Consequently, he asked â€Å"Why should we dramatize the difference between them?† (Hart, p.3). Why indeed? Throughout the history of this debate it is fathomable that the minds behind the idealization of positivism such as Austin have parted their wisdom at a different day and age while the Utilitarian philosophical suggestion was a way of being. This enables for the advocacy toward strict adherence to the law devoid of moral rationalization. A law i s a law and as such must be followed to the letter. This renders the same to be an object of absolute prowess that could find its fault in the legislation process and the adverse outcome of which to be experienced during its actual enforcement with the weight of the law to be imposed by the courts of justice tasked to interpret and ultimately apply the law as worded by the legislative body. A law as a positive manifestation is a truth which may not be rendered otherwise. This

Assignment 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

3 - Assignment Example On contrary, another statement states that, â€Å"ESL students can understand the basic grammar rules of language only if they are able to create a lot of new sentences†. Qs.2 knowledge is a true opinion comprising of a rational explanation or definition, and it is also a real belief or a sensation. However, belief is the inner state of mind that is directly accessible to the introspection that relates to human behavior. Belief always plays a central role in the theoretical reasoning and involves a practical reasoning. For instance, in pdf.1, in appendix 3, an example of belief is a statement that states, ‘some people tend to have the ability to learn foreign language’. For a person to have knowledge there must exist a sense of truth, justification, and belief, on a basis of believing in them. For example, a knowledge is evident in this article, whereby the truth remains that ‘English is a foreign language to the non-natives’. Qs.3. Teacher’s beliefs play vital roles towards student’s reaction, acceptance, and theories that concern language. Teachers were also once students thus their understanding about teaching often reflects on to students on how they also learn a language. The beliefs also portray a clear picture in expressing the realities that may influence classroom practices. The teacher’s view shows that, it is their role to offer a part in playing and interaction with the native speakers. in chapter 9, the word ‘smoothly running’ a classroom is used. According to me the word means a proper class or the one that is in order. Similarly, goal of the lesson and a means by which goal is achieved is the main distinguishing factor of a language. Teachers have a number of concerns. They usually plan the activities designed for facilitating learners in the use and acquisition of language. According to Doyle (396) an orderly course is the one within acceptable

Autobiographical Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Autobiographical Narrative - Essay Example As a result, I have started to see new things with my own eyes which I never used to see before; feel new things with the same heart which never gave me those feelings before! Of course, things have changed considerably since I overcame this ultimate test of my life, but the test was never an easy one! It was the first and most crucial challenge in my entire life up to the last fifteen years when my doctor advised me to become a vegetarian in order to improve my health. For a person who was born and brought up as a ‘pure’ non-vegetarian, the ‘mere’ idea behind this vegetarianism was anything but easily digestible. And, no doubt, I became too upset too fast! â€Å"It is going to be in the best interest of your life!† – my physician was clear-cut in his voice. I tried my best to avoid such a situation – I debated a great deal with the doctor on the idiocy of the idea, and organized my arguments against concept of vegetarianism. But, in the end, I had to give up my idea, and then started the most challenging phase of my life. â€Å"Hope it’s not going to be the end of my happy life† – thought I, as I came out of the physician’s room.... I never knew, in my short life, what it means to adjust or compromise, because I have never been of that type. â€Å"I want a play-station today† – I would demand my mom, and it was there in the evening. Even my elder brother was not fortunate in enjoying this distinction, as he was always directed to make the adjustments for me! â€Å"You ought to make the compromise, Jerry,† my father used to tell my brother, â€Å"because John is much younger to you.† In other words, there is not a single child in the whole world who was fortunate to enjoy the more satisfying things in life and I lived like a king in my own empire. Life seemed terribly changed once I was expected to make adjustments for the first time in my entire life – that too, on the very matter which is most crucial in my life. I think I’m yet to introduce myself as a person who is deeply addicted to eating too much, but it is the most telltale feature of my life. I’m widely kn own among my friends and relatives as a youngster who was an ardent admirer of non-vegetarian items in the menu. Yes, I have been a ‘pure’ non-vegetarian for the last fifteen years or more! I just love to come across more recipes in non-vegetarian and I had a craze for Italian and Chinese cuisine. I enjoyed almost all the items in my non-veg. menu and it was almost clear from the way I looked. I’m under treatment for the same reason – that I’m an obese now. I was prescribed to turn to be a vegetarian for the same reason – as part of the overall strategy for weight control, cholesterol reduction, and blood pressure reduction. It was a Himalayan task for me to adjust myself to the requirements of my new life which is totally devoid of the presence of fish, meat,

Philosophy of education timeline analysis Essay

Philosophy of education timeline analysis - Essay Example I will carry this theme further in my essay and will trace its origins and development. The later part of the essay will explore the role naturalism plays in the current educational world. The East and West have rich ethical traditions (Brannigan, 2005). Some like the Confucianism developed in a certain area- China in the case of Confucianism (Confucianism, 2010)- whereas others like naturalism were developed and promoted by philosophers all over the world. Naturalism is that branch of philosophy that adheres to the notion that everything can be explained scientifically. It can be portrayed as the ideology that everything constitutes a part of nature and there is no reality that is beyond the scope of nature (Goetz & Taliaferro, 2008). The philosophical paradigm denounces the supernatural, supporting the ideology that everything in nature can be accounted for by a scientific cause. The philosophy relies on empirical and evidence-based science to prove and ratify the natural phenomena around us. Naturalists believe that everything in the universe is governed through scientific principles and even the social and behavioral elements that constitute an individual’s thought process and rationality have a scientific basis. Naturalism does not have a priori approach to explain the natural world; rather it attempts to provide a scientific justification through knowledge that does not involve the special senses. It is also known as materialism and its basic definition encompasses the tenet that individuals are a completely natural phenomena. In the past centuries, scientific discoveries have replaced many of the myths and superstitions by concrete scientific explanations. The rate at which science has progressed is exponential; as a result, the theory of naturalism has received more factual data to support it. Naturalism has developed overtime by such advances in technology and by the works of many

Development of a Model Aviation Safety Program for General Aviation Dissertation

Development of a Model Aviation Safety Program for General Aviation - Dissertation Example In relation to research methodology, a qualitative research approach has been considered in this study. Moreover, questionnaire surveys have been conducted for both the service providers as well as the customers of the aviation industry. The sample size was considered to be 100 for the customers and 50 for the service providers. Additionally, both primary sources (in the form of questionnaires) and secondary sources (in the form of literature review) have been taken into concern for this study. Introduction The introduction and the subsequent development of aviation safety programs has eventually emerged as one of the topmost concerns for the general aviation companies due to an increased rate of airline accidents or fatalities in the global arena. In relation to aviation safety, the two priority areas, which include the human factors and the impact of technological factors, are often observed as the most prominent causes for airline fatalities. With respect to the manual causing fac tors, it has been viewed that the errors which are often caused manually by the humans ultimately lead towards serious safety issues. Conversely, with regard to technology factors, it has been apparently observed that when the technology relating to aviation segment fails to perform its functions, it also increases the degree of risks concerning the security (Aviation Safety Corps, n.d.). After acquiring a brief idea concerning the different facets of the identified research issue, it can be stated that the study mainly deals with qualitative factors such as the experiences of the service providers and the conception of the consumers regarding the development of model aviation safety related programs. Consequently, a qualitative approach of research methodology has been implemented in this study in order to gain a better knowledge regarding the necessity of introducing as well as developing aviation safety programs for the general aviation companies. With regard to research design, suitable as well as important data has been collected from conducting surveys in the form of questionnaires as a primary source. The questionnaires have been designed taking into account the service providers of the aviation companies and also the customers as the respondents. Apart from the primary source, the secondary source as a form of literature review has also been used in this study. The sample size was considered to be 100 for the customers and 50 for service providers. A descriptive analysis approach has been used in the study by evaluating the secondary sources in accordance with the primary data obtained. According to the data, the importance of introducing as well as developing model aviation safety related programs for the general aviation companies have been obtained. Project Literature Review According to the report published by the International Civil Aviation Organization (2011), it has been viewed that the numbers of airline accidents have increased substantially in the current years. This is fundamentally owing to the increased technological and human errors in preserving aviation safety. Consequently, the general aviation companies have been focussed upon the implementation and the advancement of different safety initiatives with the intention of reducing the accidents by a greater extent as well

Plate techtonics Essay Example for Free

Plate techtonics Essay The Earth’s crust is composed of numerous plates which are constantly moving in relation to one another. This movement is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation and the theory describing this phenomena is called plate tectonics. Plate techtonics was first described in the 1960’s and unified the theories of contenental drift and magnetic field change. The Earth’s interior is divided into three major sections based on their composition: the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the uppermost portion, and accounts for less than 1% of its volume. It varies in thickness from 2 to 35 miles and it is this layer. Below the crust is a thick layer of rock called the mantle which is nearly 1500 miles thick. The core consists of 15 % of the Earth’s volume and 32% of its mass. It is very dense and is made mostly of iron. Another set of divisions of the Earth’s interior can be made based on mechanical differences and types of heat transfer; the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. The innermost asthenosphere is hotter and fluid-like. The lithosphere is a division made up of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is cool and rigid and is broken up into seven major and many minor techtonic plates. These plates move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: convergent or collision boundaries, divergent or spreading boundaries, and transform boundaries. Most of the worlds active volcanoes occur along plate boundaries. The major plates are African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Arabian Plate, Australian Plate, Caribbean Plate, Cocos Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, Juan de Fuca Plate, Nazca Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, Philippine Plate, Scotia Plate, and the South American Plate. There are also many minor plates throughout the world.   As techtonic plates move, they interact with each other and create friction, pressure and/or strain. Stress builds up in both plates and when it reaches a level that exceeds the threshold of rocks on either side of the fault, this accumulated potential energy is released. The brittle upper crust reacts by fracture, or instantaneous stress release to allow motion along the fault. Energy released in this way is the cause of earthquakes which are commonly found along transform boundaries. The San Andreas Fault along the western coast of North America is a well known transform boundary. Here, the Pacific and North American plates meet and move against each other. Other examples of transform faults include the Alpine Fault in New Zealand and the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. Mendocino Fracture Zone offshore northern California). Divergent boundaries consist of two plates that move apart from each other. When this occurs, a space is created and fills with molten magma. Spreading is not usually uniform and can create massive fault zones. Divergent boundaries are common in the sea floor and are the cause of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. Convergent boundary action depends on the density of the plates that are colliding. Oceanic plates tend to be more dense, with a higher percentage of heavy elements. When a dense oceanic plate collides with a less-dense continental plate, the oceanic plate is typically thrust underneath. This forms a subduction zone and is responsible for oceanic trenches and mountain ranges. An example of a continental-oceanic subduction zone is the area along the western coast of South America where the oceanic Nazca Plate is being subducted beneath the continental South American Plate. Another phenomenon that occurs as the subducting plate descends is a rise in temperature as hot water that has been encased in the porous oceanic crust is released. As the water rises into the mantle of the overriding plate, it lowers the melting temperature of the surrounding mantle, producing â€Å"melts† (magma). These melts rise to the surface and are the source of some of the most explosive volcanism on Earth because of their high volumes of extremely pressurized gases. Mount St. Helens was formed in this way. As these melts rise to the surface and cool, they form long chains of volcanoes inland from the continental shelf and parallel to it. South America is dense with this type of volcanic mountain building from the subduction of the Nazca plate. In North America the Cascade mountain range, extending north from Californias Sierra Nevada, is also of this type. The entire Pacific Ocean boundary is surrounded by long stretches of volcanoes and is known collectively as The Ring of Fire which are the most active volcanoes in the world. When two continental plates collide, they will buckle and compress or one plate goes under the other creating mountain ranges. Currently, the northern margin of the Indian plate is being pushed under the Eurasian plate, and is creating the Himalayan Mountains. When two plates with oceanic crust collide, they typically create an island of volcanoes that erupt through the overriding plate. Japan and the Aleutian Islands were formed in this way. The world is constantly changing and the occurrence of natural disasters is a constant threat. Life in a high risk location may be uncertain, but many people have chosen to live near these potentially dangerous areas for reasons that they feel outweigh the risk. Choice is part of our rights as a human being, and we each must educate ourselves as to our environmental risks and weigh our priorities to make the decisions that are right for each of us. Our awareness of plate techtonics can allow us to assess our future risks. Not allowing people to live in high risk areas would remove their choices over their own lives.

The Positive Impact Of Tourism In Dubai Tourism Essay

The Positive Impact Of Tourism In Dubai Tourism Essay There are more than 200 national economies involved in the competition of destination market and as of 2006 worlds governments have exceeded its expenditures US$1,480 billion to make their states as destination brand (Balakrishnan, 2008). This literature review aims to identify and examine the positive impact of the tourism in Dubai with especial perspective of hospitality industry. Historically Dubai is significant tourism destinations for world class comfort to tourists (Steiner, 2010) and tourism in Dubai has further impacted the hospitality industry in Dubai. It is reported that tourism is an integral part for economic growth of Dubai (Lee Jain, 2009) as this industry accounts for 1.2 per cent of total GDP and the combined impact is expected to total 11.6 per cent in 2005 (Ryan Stewart, 2009) and the development made in Dubai is helping the government to attract more tourist to travel to Dubai (Henderson, 2006). This study has aim to identify tourism as growing industry in Duba i while also discussing the increasing importance of the sector and its positive impact on the hospitality industry caused by increasing promotion of tourism. The Importance of Growing Tourism Industry in Dubai Tourism as an Industry Tourism is comprised of individuals activities to travel and stay outside their usual permanent places for one consecutives year (Steiner, 2010). In the broader term the industry of tourism means all socio-economic activities that are directly or indirectly involves the provision of services to tourists (Henderson, 2006). According to the World Tourism Organizations Standard Classification of Tourism Activities, different other sectors are also associated with the development of tourism industry including lodges, transportation means, food and beverage, culture and entertainment and finance (Ryan Stewart, 2009). Tourism Industry in Dubai The latest report of World Travel and Tourism Council has highlighted Dubai as the most world-class destination for tourism and also reveals that the industry of tourism in Dubai has grown to 14 per cent annually (Stephenson Knight, 2010). Over 100 tourism and leisure projects are underway and now the tourism sector accounts for almost a quarter of the Emirates annual GDP. To examine this figure there is need to evaluate the tourism industry in Dubai. Dubai is the capital city of the UAE and one of the fastest developing cities (Walker, 2009). With number of remarkable and outstanding tourists spots, Dubai has been the most popular destination for tourists. In addition, Dubai is also considered as hub of all tourism activities in Gulf while economy of Dubai majorly depends on tourism (Henderson, 2006). Since large number of tourists and travelers from different part of the world through Dubai for leisure purposes, this tendency of tourists has naturally led to increase the demand fo r the services of hospitality industry and providing different job opportunities in Dubai (Richard, 2008). However, the industry of tourism and hospitality is already well developed as a result of large number of travelers visiting the city the government is strategizing to more develop these industries (OConnor, 2010). Moreover, the strategic implementation made by the government for the development of tourism has remarkably impacted the hospitality industry and this impact has been observed as positive (Weiermair Mathies, 2004). Development in the Tourism Industry in Dubai The industry of tourism is an important part of Dubais economic growth as result of increase flow of foreign cash into the country (Boniface Cooper, 2009). Dubai possesses a significant position in the world tourism and to maintain this position the government of Dubai has strategized to more develop and boost other agencies and industries related to tourism such as hospitality, banking and finance system and transportation (Marcus, 2010). The government realized that in order to reshape the industry the government has to signify the wholesome approach for development of Dubai (Henderson, 2006). To Walker (2009), the development of Dubai as tourist destination and business center has attracted the hospitality operators. Moreover, Dubai also allures the tourists for its shopping malls, architectural buildings and Islamic architecture, the government also focuses on the above sectors of the city so that it could maintain the sustainable interest and attention of the tourists for trave lling. In the development of hospitality industry the hotels and resorts are developed as major part that helps to promote the tourism in Dubai (Eisen, 2008). The plan of Burj Dubai in Dubai has globalized its hospitality services by expanding its lodging brand globally to key destinations in the Middle East (Dunbar, 2009). Impacts of Tourism in Hospitability Sector of Dubai Social and Cultural impacts It may be possible that tourism influences the social and cultural aspects of life in specific area depending on the strengths of cultural and religion. The relationship between the hospitality sector and the tourists can be considered as the main factor affecting a community as tourists may not be sensitive to domestic customers, traditions and standards. The positive impacts on the area include the benefits which include: Domestic community can mingle with individuals from the different backgrounds with distinct lifestyles which might lead through the demonstration effect towards the development of enhanced lifestyles and implementations. Wide range of cultural and social events available for domestic people which include exhibitions, entertainment etc. Enhanced facilities for sports and leisure developed for the tourists which might be in use by domestic people Encouraging the youth exchange programs, voluntary work overseas, etc. Under the light of above key points, it can be said that Dubai is one of the best tourist destination (Stephenson, 2010) where the establishment of tourism has positive effects on social and cultural life of the region (Balakrishnan, 2008). Economic Impacts The main source to the success of Dubai is the ability and prediction of good opportunities, along with the avoided saturation of tourism industry by creating more beaches, tourist activities etc. The tourism in hospitality sector within Dubai is increasing at a faster pace without showing any sign of decline. The hospitality industry is helping in satisfying the demand of tourism in order to compete across the world effectively. The bulk of tourists are accounted for approximately twenty percent of hotel guests and during 2007, hospitality industry of Dubai received 92,328 tourists from China which was approximately a thirty five percent increase per year. The economic effect on the hospitality sector in tourism of Dubai includes the increased employment level (Sharpley, 2008) with the increasing development of hotels, increased revenue in terms of tourists arrivals in Dubai. Environmental Impact In most general terms, the environment has the significant and prominent effect on the tourism in hospitality industry within Dubai. There have been major hotel developments in Dubai which widely include the Palm, Dubai Tower, Burj al Arab hotel etc. Moreover, Dubai has evolved into the major shopping destination along with the Arab traditional culture which is intended to be expanded (Sharpley, 2008). The tourism within hospitality sector means to provide a comforting and soothing environment to the tourists while staying in hotels of Dubai. The planning structure of Dubai has been working on this perspective and brought various improvements in hospitality industry which attracts tourists on wide scale every year (Lee Jain, 2009). The positive impacts on environment in Dubai within hospitality industry may include increased income for preservation of various facilities, encouraging the conservation of features etc. Moreover Dubai land is considered to be the largest theme park acro ss the globe which is twice the size of Disney land existed in Florida. Conclusion This literature review examined the tourism industry in Dubai and found that with increasing rate of tourists the government of Dubai has taken initiations to more develop the sectors and industry associated with the tourism industry (OConnor, 2010). Moreover, in the review it is found that hospitality industry is the most impacted sector and this impact has been observed as positive. Dubai offers tourists a fascinating adventure along with five-star leisure facilities, attractive beaches, Arabian hospitality and cultural blend of old and new cultures (Dubai, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. 2005). However, there are other sectors that provide growth to tourism but hospitality has become backbone of the tourism as mostly tourists are attracted traveling to Dubai due to its well developed and appealing hospitality. It is found that tourism has greatly affected social, cultural, economic and environment aspects of hospitality. However, the changes caused by constant development in the tourism has given new opportunity to different fields of life, development of hotels, shopping malls and others have expanded the Arab traditional culture. As a result of such development social and cultural life of Dubai is also impacted and due to increasing tourism domestic community gets an opportunity to mingle with people from different backgrounds. Since wide range of cultural and social events is arranged in Dubai it leaves a positive impact on the local people of Dubai. Moreover, increasing growth of tourism has also impacted the enhanced facilities for sports and leisure spots developed fo r tourists.

Business process management (BPM)

Business process management (BPM) Literature Review 2.1 Definitions 2.1.1 What is Business Process Management? Business Process Management (BPM) was influenced by concepts and technologies from business administration and computer science. BPM had its root in process-oriented trends and was treated as a management philosophy since mid 1990s (James F. Chang, 2006; Mathias Weske, 2007). Studies investigating BPM had been carried out several management principles and practices were associated. Most of these concepts were identical to Business Process Reengineering (BPR) and Total Quality Management (TQM) concepts. In the book Business Process Management: Concepts, Languages, Architectures, Mathias Weske had quoted from Davenport, who defined business process as: a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome for a particular customer or market. And a specific ordering of work activities across time and place, with a beginning, an end, and clearly identified inputs and outputs. However, Mathias Weske (2007) had adopted definition as: A business process consists of a set of activities that are performed in coordination in an organizational and technical environment. These activities come together to make a business goal became achievable. Every single business process is performed by a single company, but it may interact with business processes performed by other companies. From the business process definition, Mathias Weske (2007) had defined the concept of BPM as: Business process management includes concepts, methods, and techniques to support the design, administration, configuration, enactment, and analysis of business processes. The basis of BPM had explicit representation of business process with their activities and execution constraints between them. When BPM defined, people could analysis, improvement and enactment with BPM. In traditionally, business process had manually executed as usual by knowledge personnel, regulations of company, and installed procedures. Nowadays, company had more additional benefits by apply Information Technology like Business Process Management System (BPMS) when coordinating activities involved by business process. 2.1.2 What is Business Process Management System (BPMS)? According to definition of James F. Chang (2006), BPMS is a new class of software that allows organizations to devise process-centric information technology solutions. Process-centric means BPMS solutions are able to integrate people, systems, and data. BPM fills the gap between the wide-open, unstructured world of collaboration and the precise transaction processing of enterprise applications. It has become widely realized that important enterprise processes routinely cross the boundaries of enterprise applications. Processes like order-to-cash or procure-to-pay may involve several enterprise applications such as taking orders in CRM, ERP creating invoices and purchase orders, and managing production and fulfilment in SCM. BPM, especially in combination with services that can move data in and out of enterprise applications and other information sources provide a way to clear define, manage, and automate processes that span enterprise applications. BPM also allows processes that bring in people and systems from outside the company to the defined process. In this way, BPM supports processes that take place across an extended business network. The personalities of processes currently automated by BPM are as follows: They are more structured than the loose collaboration based on email and other such mechanisms They are more flexible than the transactional processes in enterprise applications They are wider in scope than processes in enterprise applications, crossing both application and company boundaries Their flow is explicitly defined, managed, and automated 2.1.3 What enabling standards and technology support BPMS? When evaluating and adopting BPM technology, two standards are referenced over and over: BPMN and BPEL. To fully understand what BPM technology does, it is important to understand the role of these and other standards, which provide a common infrastructure for process modeling and automation. Business process modeling notation (BPMN) is a standard for the visual definition of business processes. Most of the modern tools for business process modeling support BPMN or are based on it. BPMN defines the primitive constructs that are used to represent business processes, such as starting points, ending points, process steps, decision points, and so on. Business process execution language (BPEL) is a standard for expressing the steps required to execute a business process by invoking a series of web services. BPEL is more like a programming language for carrying out a business process than a modeling system for describing the process flow. Web services technology standards are vital to BPM because they enable web services to communicate with enterprise applications and other systems using appropriate mechanisms for security, self-discovery, versioning, and other important matters. Industry standards for web services define specific sets of services that are used to automate communication between two companies in a particular industry. BPMS frequently makes use of such web services when creating systems that cross company boundaries and incorporate partner companies into a process. 2.1.4 What is Business Process Modelling? Business process modelling is the art of describing how work is done in a company at the appropriate level to achieve the desired communication. The typical goals of business process modelling are to capture a process so that it can be better understood and improved or to describe a process in detail and associate it with technology so that it can be automated. A business process model in general is simply a description of a business process. Visual business models are description of the steps that take place during a process and frequently represent in flowcharts such as the one shown in Figure 3, although other forms of models such as numerical equations or systematic procedures are also sometimes used. 2.2 Main functions of BPMS Here is a list of the most common components and management mechanisms that are involved in application assembly. Web services. BPM needs SOA. The act of creating executable business process models is the start of creating new applications to help automate and support business processes. To allow each business process step to interact with the world, web services are needed to create a two-way communication with enterprise applications and to reach out to other sources of information and functionality on the Web. Business rules. Process steps can involve the application of sets of business rules that determine some sort of result, based on the inputs passed in and the rules in effect. Rules could be used to determine the routing of a document, the credit score of an individual, or a suggestion for a product to upsell. User interfaces. When process steps need to interact with people to collect information or to define a task that must be performed manually, a user interface is needed. In this way, a user interface is a component that is included in the set of parts that are assembled into a working application by the BPM process automation technology. User interface components can be generated automatically, based on interactions implied by web services, business rules, or data required by process steps. User interface components can also be created by users and developers using a variety of tools. Modeling and orchestration tools. Modeling and orchestration tools are used at many different levels of a BPMS. The center of a BPMS is usually an environment for modeling used to define business process models or the orchestration of services. Modeling can be used to create services and user interfaces. Modeling also can be used to define the integration and mapping of data from one source to another. Simulation tools. In order to understand the flow of work through a proposed business process, simulation tools may be employed. Assumptions are made about the amount of inputs to each process and the amount of time it takes to perform each process step. In this way bottlenecks or key areas for optimization can be found. These key areas can be closely monitored to find problems early on in implementations or to confirm the validity of assumptions. Model and process repositories. When models are created, they must be stored in repositories, which allow them to be accessed and shared by large groups of people. In any large program of BPM adoption, some processes are used over and over. These process components must be stored in a central location and reused in other business process models. Web services repositories. To link business process steps and user interfaces to the invocation of services, it is important to be able to find services, understand what they do, and identify the data sent and retrieved through them. Web services repositories contain information about the interfaces and functionality of the services and the underlying applications the services are connected to at runtime. Integration tools. It is not uncommon for a business process to require two systems to work together in specific ways. Perhaps a purchase order must be transferred from the CRM application to ERP. Frequently, the BPMS does not contain the capability to perform such integration and so other integration tools must be used to create the needed functionality. The BPM tools then invoke a service that performs the integration defined by the integration tools. In this way, specific integrations become components used by BPM technology. Centralized task management. One of the most important transitions in a business process model occurs when a software application asks a person to perform a task. It is vital that the task to be performed be adequately described and that the results of performing the task be recorded. A single user may be getting requests to perform tasks from many different business process applications. Centralized task management components create a single inbox into which all requests from business process applications are sent, which streamlines monitoring and executing those tasks. Process and activity monitoring tools. Once an application has been created using a BPMS, it is important to monitor the business process model during execution. By monitoring the activity of specific steps, it is possible to monitor not only the technological activity of the system such as database reads and writes or network traffic, but also the progress of the business process, that is, number of purchase orders created or customer service requests handled. Systems created based on business process models take a large step toward achieving the promise of the field of business activity monitoring, complex event processing, predictive analytics, and simulations. These main functions would provide the basis for evaluation of BPMS platforms. 2.3 BPMS platforms evaluation From the main functions of BPMS, the author has evaluated four platforms to support the implementation stage. These four platforms were Drools 5, jBPM 4.3, OSWorkflow 2.8, and ARIS. The critical evaluation framework has been discussed in the main functions of BPMS within this chapter. The evaluation framework included: Web services Business rules User Interface Widgets Modelling and Orchestration tools Simulation tools Model and process repositories Web service repositories Integration tools Centralized task management Process and activity monitor tools The marking guidance has included at appendices. The guidance provided descriptions for each mark from 0 to 10.The investigation of BPMS has marked these platforms base on the evaluation framework and marking guidance then ploted to charts. 2.3.1 Drools 5 Business Logic Integration Platform Drools was a open-source business rule management system (BRMS) with a forward chaining inference based rules engine, more correctly known as a production rule system, using an enhanced implementation of the Rete algorithm. Adapting Rete to an object-oriented interface allows for more natural expression of business rules with regards to business objects. Drools is written in Java, but able to run on Java and .NET. Drools has been supported by JBoss since 2005 and renamed to JBoss Rules. Drools 5 have been released on May 2009. The main goals of this release were introducing Complex Event Processing (CEP) engine (in Fusion module) and workflow capabilities (in Flow module). On the release of Drools 5, it has changed name from Business Rule Management System (BRMS) to Business Logic integration Platform (BLiP) with modules: Drools Guvnor (BRMS/BPMS) Drools Expert (rule engine) Drools Flow (process/workflow) Drools Fusion (event processing/temporal reasoning) Advantages: The platforms had Drools Expert; it was an excellent rule engine, developed as the first-class module in mind. The platform received ten marks for business rule function because it had long time development and matured enough for production environment. Drools Guvnor combined with Drools plug-in on Eclipse were outstanding at BRMS and editor. The combination help user easily draw; manage models on both Web and desktop IDE (integrated develop environment). It helped the platform received eight marks for modelling tools, nine marks for model repository, and eight marks for centralized task management. Disadvantages: The documentation of platform did not have any mention about web service on whole platform. That meant the platform did not support web service either BPEL standard. According to the official user guide at Drools website, the integration ability with OpenBravo ERP and OSWorkflow were still under developing at time this report conducted. The platform received one mark for integration function. 2.3.2 jBPM 4.3 jBPM is a platform for executable process languages ranging from business process management (BPM) over workflow to service orchestration. jBPM supports three different process languages. Each one is targeted towards a specific function and environment. *jBDL*BPEL*Pageflow jBPM builds all these process languages natively on top of a single technology: the Process Virtual Machine (PVM). Even as the BPM industry converges towards new standards, the investment in jBPM is protected; the PVM foundation will remain stable. Advantages: The supporting of BPEL has gave jBPM a good marks (eight) at web service function. Support BPEL has also meant this platform good in integration with legacy systems. The ability of generate form for human interaction workflow was the good function that included in jBPM. This ability contributed seven marks for user interface widget function. Modelling, repositories, and centralized task management were the advantages of jBPM. This platform developed some plug-in for Eclipse to create the Graphical Process Designer. This approach gave the power of Eclipse to business process on both graphical modelling and debugging. Disadvantages: The investigation shown the weakness of jBPM was the lacking of simulation tools. Simulation tools helped process designer in bottle-neck solving. The simulation function of jBPM was under developing at time of this report conducted. 2.3.3 OSWorkflow 2.8 OSWorkflow is a mature open-source Java workflow engine. It is mainly aimed at the programmer and not an end user or business analyst. For the end user or business analyst, it includes a user-friendly visual workflow modeller designed only for basic usage. Advantages: The strength of OSWorkflow showed at modelling tools and Disadvantages: 2.3.4 ARIS Advantages: Disadvantages: 2.3.5 Conclusion 2.4 Summary

Essay --

DRYING It is the most crucial part of every herb and spice sector. It is not only increases the product shelf but also enhances the product quality. At the time of harvesting moisture content is 70-85%. Due to high water content cardamom is highly susceptible for bacterial multiplication. It is highly desirable to keep the final moisture should be ranges from 10-12%. It is important to dry the cardamom capsules as soon after harvest as possible to prevent the loss of aroma. It is also imperative that the drying process is as short in order to avoid mould growth and retain the bright green color of capsule. The drying temperature should not be above 50Â °C otherwise it will affect the color and delicate flavor of the final product. Cardamom capsules with a good green color can be sold for a premium price. If the drying period is too long mould can start to grow on the cardamom. Various types of dryers are used for processing of spices, ranging from simple sun drying to gas drying, wood firer drying and humidity controller dryer. SUN DRYING. It is very ancient and very cheap method of dr...

Abortion :: essays research papers

Abortion No one has the right to choose what is wrong–Abraham Lincoln. Abortion is one of the most highly debated issues of our time. Several questions arise from the midst of this multi-faceted jumble of opinions, morals, and strongly held values. When does the fetus become a person, as opposed to a mass of tissue? Is abortion acceptable in some circumstances while not in others? These are points I will strive to clarify, and share my thoughts and beliefs on. My beliefs, briefly outlined, are as follows: a baby is a baby at the time of conception. It has all the rights of a child outside of the womb-including the right to live. Why do I believe that an unborn baby is a person? In the split second that sperm and egg unite to create a zygote, genetic codes are formed. These codes dictate a person’s height, hair colour, eye colour, and even many personality traits. The blueprint for a human that will eventually be made up of over 64 trillion cells, all contained in a package no bigger than the point of a pin. Unborn babies are de-humanized by pro-choice activists. They use euphemisms to make the brutal dismemberment and killing of a human baby into â€Å"termination of fetus.† Try to find a pro-choice pamphlet that uses the word baby or person to describe what is being â€Å"removed.† The baby is often described as being merely tissue. Let’s examine the reality of saying that a fetus is not alive. Sex can be determined in a preborn 3-7 days after fertilization. (Dr Jerome Lejeune M.D.) The human heart beats at 21 days. (Dr. William Liley, Foetologist) At 8 weeks a preborn is sensitive to touch and pain. (Human Development Resource Council Inc., 1996) Brain waves have been recorded in as early as 37 days. (Dr. William Liley, Foetologist) Fingerprints are detectable in preborns at 10 weeks. (Human Development Resource Council Inc., 1996) It has been found that fetal heart rate slows when the mother is speaking, suggesting that the fetus not only hears and recognizes the sound, but is calmed by it. (Psychology Today, Sept- Oct.,1998) Now, I’m not sure what your definition of life is. But to me, something with a beating heart, that can think, feel pain, and hear sounds like a living creature to me. A common issue brought up by the pro-choice movement is that abortion is a â€Å"safe alternative† solution to pregnancies that are a product of rape, incest, or those that may threated a mother’s life.

Analysis of Rights and Duties in Nepal

Women's Property Rights Movement in Nepal by Binda Pandey Nepal is still running under strong feudalistic social values and norms. There were no clear provisions regarding Nepalese women and property rights until 1975. Following the UN Declaration of 1975, which was International Women's Year, the Nepali government began to celebrate International Women's Day on the 8th of March. That same year, the Civil Code was amended and a clause on women's inheritance and property rights included.The clause states that if a woman remains unmarried up to 35 years of age, she would have a right to inherit property. However, the amendment limits itself as it continues â€Å"if she gets marriage after having property that should be returned back to the brothers by deducting the marriage cost. † With the restoration of multiparty democracy in 1990, the new constitution guaranteed that no one should be discriminated against on the basis of sex. Furthermore, in 1991, the government ratified the UN Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW-1979).The nation's Women's Movement demanded that all inequalities in Nepali law be eliminated and focused attention on the equal right of women to inherit property. All political parties have included this demand in their respective election manifestos. The opposition party in parliament, the Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist, has raised this issue repeatedly but the government has neither considered it seriously, nor taken any initiation to amend discriminatory laws. In 1993, a case was finally filed in the Supreme Court with a demand to amend the Civil Code to give women equal rights over property.After two years, in 1995, the Supreme Court issued a directive to the government to introduce a Bill in parliament that would guarantee a woman's rights to inherit property. Following the Supreme Court directive, the Ministry of Women and Social Welfare drafted a Bill, popularly known a s the â€Å"Women's Property Rights Bill† in order to amend the existing Civil Code. It was tabled for discussion in the 11th session of Parliament. It took almost six years more to be passed through parliament, despite a number of other Bills being adopted in this time parliament.During this period, different political parties and parliamentary committees have made a number of changes to the original Bill. On July 17, 2001, a parliamentary committee unanimously declared that women should have equal rights to inherit property. However, the ruling Nepali Congress party expressed some disagreement and proposed that inherited property â€Å"should be returned back to respective brother/s if she gets marriage†. The ruling party passed the Bill with a majority vote in the Lower House of Parliament in October 2001.But, the Upper House – National Assembly, which is dominated by the opposition party, failed the Bill and it was sent back to the Lower House for reconsider ation. In due process, the Bill came back to the Lower House. Here, the ruling party was pressing for the Bill to be adopted while the main opposition party, supported by almost all women organizations, was pressing hard to guarantee inherited property rights for women equivalent to that of their brother/s. In this situation, there was a risk that the Bill would not be passed again and it might take several more years to go through another round of discussion.At this point, the opposition party made the tricky decision to vote for a Bill with its reservation on the provision, which do not recognize the equal right of sons or daughters to inherited property after marriage. Major Achievements through 11th Amendment in Civil Code-2020 (1963) After all these turning points, the bill was finally passed in parliament on March 14, 2002. It was sent to the King for his seal of approval and came into effect from September 27, 2002. The major achievements of this amendment are as follows: â⠂¬ ¢ Women's Right to PropertyToday, women in Nepal can enjoy their right to inherit property from birth. But when they marry any property will be returned to the parent's family. The new law establishes a wife's equal right to her husband's property immediately after marriage, rather than after she reaches 35 years of age or has been married for 15 years as before. A widow's right to claim her share of property from the joint family after the death of her husband, and to use this property even if she gets re-married, is now also established in law. †¢ Women's Right to DivorceThe Bill gives women the right to seek divorce from her husband if he harasses her physically or psychologically; if he establishes sexual relationships with other women; if he is incapable of producing children; or if he is affected by and std, including hiv/aids. Previously, the law allowed a wife to claim only food stuff from her husband for the five years following their divorce. Today, a woman can als o claim property. †¢ Increase Penalty for Polygamy Polygamy is still rampant in Nepal, though it was declared illegal in 1975.Previously, those who violate the law in this regard face a punishment of 1 to 3 months in prison or a fine of 1000 to 2000 Rupees, or both. The new amendment increases these punishments, a man can now face 1 to 3 years in prison or a fine of 5000 – 25,000 Rupees, or both. †¢ Women's Right to Abortion Previously, abortion was illegal unless a doctor advised that a mother's life was endangered unless a foetus was aborted. Charged with this crime, more than five dozen women are imprisoned across Nepal. The new law legalizes abortion with some conditions.In normal cases a woman can make her own decision to go through with an abortion, though only within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. However, if the child's delivery endangers the mother's life, or if a women becomes pregnant through rape or incestuous sexual relations then abortions can take p lace within 18 weeks of pregnancy. Nepal is the first South Asian country to legalize abortion in this way. †¢ Stern Action against persons involved in Rape Rape is one of the major issues that has been raised by the women's movement in Nepal.In this regard, the amendments to the civil code make the law stronger and increase the punishment for rapists. According to the new provisions, a rapist can be imprisoned for 10-15 years, if their victim is below 10 years of age; 7-10 years of imprisonment, if their victim is between 10 and 16 years of age; and 5 – 7 years of imprisonment, if the victim's age is above 16 years. In each category, an additional five years of prison can be given if the victim is a pregnant or disabled woman. Lacunas still remain It is a big achievement that women have been granted more legal rights with this amendment. But, there remain issues to be addressed.One major issue is to establish equal rights of property inheritance regardless of a women's marital status. The struggle to achieve rights based on gender is ongoing. If gender equality has not been achieved even when important goals are met then the struggle should continue. Challenges ahead There is a bigger challenge ahead of the women's movement. Until and unless women and men in wider society are aware of these new legal instruments, they cannot bring any remarkable change to the real lives of Nepalese women. In this regard, it is the role and responsibility of the women's movement to make women and men aware of their legal rights.At the same time, social and bureaucratic structures including those in civil society and government must institutionalize these changes. Only in this way will feudal and traditional attitudes towards women's rights change. To ensure the impact of these legal rights, authority should be delegated in a practical way and the implementing apparatus should be correctly managed. The women's movement can lead the campaign to make people aware and to check that the law is implemented properly. We can prove that legal instruments are important tools and play a crucial role in creating gender equality in society. Updated version of the published article in Workers News 32, March 2002) Women's Movement Scenario in Nepal Nepal is one of the least developed countries in the world. Our socio-economic life and hence the national life is largely dependent on agriculture. 42 percent of the national income is being contributed by agriculture and almost 81 percent of the population is employed in this sector. However, agriculture itself is in a very miserable condition. It has become away of life to majority of the population, but its fruitfulness is decreasing every year.In the Nepalese context, the women struggle started against British imperialism. Patriotic struggle against British imperialism dates back to the battle of 1814 at Nalapani. Women marched shoulder to shoulder with men in the civil right movement of 1948. Women took act ive part in the democratic revolution of 1951 which overthrew the 104 year autocracy of the Rana family. Its goal was to overthrow the 104 years of Rana autocracy from Nepal. The first women organization the â€Å"Nepal Women Association† was established in 1948, it worked to inculcate political awareness among women.After the fall of the Rana regime and dawn of democracy in 1951, political parties became active. Women's organization began to be affiliated with various political parties. During the thirty year rule (1960-1990) of the party-less Panchayat system, all political parties and independent women 5 organizations were banned. However, the left democratic forces continued their struggle against the suppressive political system. The communist organized peasants and workers to fight against the exploitative regime. Women came out in large number during the struggle for democracy.The All Nepal Women Association (ANWA) functioning under the party, was very active in organi zing revolutionary women. It is during this period of struggle that ANWA established itself as a revolutionary wing of the party. Many members of ANWA were tortured by the rulers. The persistence in the struggle attracted women to join the movement. The movement was successfully expanded throughout the country. Also there were some sectoral women movements in existence against the feudal exploitation of landlord and Rana regime. But they were limited in coverage and could not take larger shape to include women from all over the nation.In order to understand the shaping of the movement, it is necessary to mention how the women's political and organized form of movement was connected with the political parties. The first underground mass meeting of All Nepal Women Association was held in 1980. The gathering discussed and analyzed situation of the country, set goals and strategies of women struggle to achieve the women's rights and liberation. It formulated the long term and short term national policy and programme for the women struggle. The period of eighties is the most active and important period for Nepalese women movement.The oppression from the then rulers was intolerable. Many women activists were jailed and tortured, more than 70 women activists were full-time underground and semi-underground activists. They developed thousands of activists who were over-ground, and they continued their underground activities. It played a crucial role in creating political awareness and played significant role in organizing women of different class, profession and strata. During its underground political training, the All Nepal Women Association equipped its cadre with true ideals in the struggles for political rights, social justice and economic equality.It also made best use of the 8th March International Women's Day (started since 1972, 8th march), and national festival such as Tij (exclusive women festival) and Tihar (festival of light) celebrated each year for five days culminating the worshipping of brothers by sisters on the last day. On this day women folk gather at their parental houses, hence an opportunity to make best use of gathering. ANWA organized its first National Conference in 1989 in underground way, second National Conference in 1992 and the third National Conference in 1995 with the theme â€Å"Social Security and Employment, Equal Rights in all Sectors†.All members of ANWA and other women organizations cultivated a dream-a dream of new progressive and democratic Nepal where women participation in all walks of national life is ensured. In spite of all these struggles, sacrifices and enthusiasm, women have been marginalized in politics as in any other sectors. The paternalistic structures of the family, society and the male-dominated political organizations gave little space to women. There exist a big gap between saying and doing, preaching and practicing about women's participation and leadership in Nepal.Constitutional ly, 5 percent seats of the total candidacy in the parliamentary election are reserved for women, in each political party. Recently the government has decided to provide 15 percent reservation in each VDC and Municipality. Altogether there are 4000 VDCs and 58 Municipalities and in each VDC there are 9 Wards (Unit). Each ward of the VDC will have 5 members including chairperson elected. Among four members one seat is reserved for women. There is a provision of Advisory Committee in VDC and municipality and participation of women is provisioned.Thus, at the local level altogether more than 120,000 women will be mobilized representing all parties. It is a welcome step forward to include women in politics at the local levels. The position of women in civil service is also very bleak. While the 1990 High Level Administration Reform Commission gave suggestions to improve the situation, only 5 percent of the civil servants at officer level were women in 1992. National and international eff orts have been made to bring multilateral and bilateral agencies for aid and assistance for women's cause.In spite of all these efforts, gender gap is still very wide. Inequalities are rampant in all fronts–cultural, social, economic, political and in education. Women have no separate identity of herself. They are identified in relation to her father, husband, son and grandson. Women in the society The Patriarchal system is the root cause of social injustice in Nepal. Sons are preferred over daughters. Sons are considered economic insurance in old age. They carry the family name, perform death rituals and rites.Girls are considered as other's property to be given away in marriage. They are unwanted, neglected ad overworked. They are seen as auxiliary contributors to the household. Thus, the women are caught in the corrupt circle of the family system of exploitation and deprivation. The socialization pattern of Nepalese society is very discriminative. From the childhood, boys are groomed towards productive work and decision making and girls are confined to an â€Å"inside world† conditioned to be home makers, dutiful wives, loving mothers and service providers.A woman is subjected to the protection of man and has no mobility. Women are controlled by men and are considered as a property of men. Hence they do not have their own property. Even religion, education and rituals are denied to women. A women's life is not for her self. Health status of Nepalese women is deplorable. Nepal is one of the three countries in the world where the life expectancy of women is lower than that of men. In Nepal 20 percent of pregnancies are said to be in the â€Å"high risk† category. Violence on girl-child and child prostitution is alarmingly increasing.Trafficking of girls into India are increasing and of those trafficked 20 percent are minors under 16 years of age. The overall health condition is alarmingly poor in Nepal. The average life expectancy is 55. 9 for males and 53. 5 for females. Only 10 percent of the pregnant women get maternal service. The maternal mortality rate is 850 per 100,000 live birth. Average child bearing age among 40 percent of women is 15 to 19 years. The fertility rate is as high as 5. 7. Women have been the focus of population policies and the main target for family planning and fertility control.The girl malnutrition rate is double than that of boy under 5 years. 78 percent of rural women suffer by anaemia in the delivery period. 85 percent of women depend upon the traditional birth attendants instead of health post and hospital services. Even in the urban areas, the maternal mortality rate is 8. 5 per 1000 but in rural and geographically distanced rural area the MMR is 15. 4 per 1000. Economic Status of Nepalese Women Nepal is an underdeveloped agricultural country with a per capita GDP of US $ 202 (1994). Almost half of its population is below the poverty line.It ranks second among the poorest countries of the world. Studies have shown that women's contribution in the economy is large and significant with 57 percent of agricultural activities being carried out by women. They contribute about half of household income and work 11 hours a day. Despite women's substantial contributions both as cultivators and managers in the production process, all their labour is unnoticed, undervalued and unaccounted in the economy. Women as the workers Women constitute a little over one-half of the Nepalese population. 5 percent of employed women are confined to agricultural work compared to 75 percent for men. Besides agriculture, women are again mostly confined to traditional jobs such as sewing and knitting. They are rarely engaged in professional and technical jobs. Very few are in community services, commerce, manufacture etc. Jobs are low-paid, requiring relatively simple skills. In the service sector, women are mostly engaged in teaching, health and financial institutions. Women lag far behin d in the legal field and media service. Only 6 percent are found at officer level positions in the civil services.Women in Nepal generally work for longer hours compared to men, and rural women devote much longer hours than urban women. His Majesty's Government of Nepal has fixed the minimum wage and salaries in the industrial and organized sectors without any gender discrimination but in practice such discrimination are noticed. Discrimination in organized sectors are more prominent. Effective and in built participation of women in the development process, both as a producer and consumer of development output, has been accepted as a necessary condition for balanced, equitable and sustainable growth.But Nepalese women are yet to obtain such participation. In terms of labour force participation, women are behind men, are predominantly confined to agriculture, account for the majority of unpaid family workers, number predominantly among the unemployed and are heavily concentrated in l ow-paid jobs, The constraints against women's employment in industry can be summarized as follows, †¢ Women are poorly qualified or not suitably trained †¢ Protective legislation has acted as a deterrent to women's employment †¢ Women are prepared to work for lower wage Both women and men look upon women's income as supplementary †¢ There is no solidarity and no unions among women Women lack the collateral to become entrepreneurs, therefore have no access to †¢ They lack entrepreneurial knowledge They have dual responsibilities and lack societal support credit loans or Ninety percent of the employed women are confined to agricultural activities where as it is less than seventy five percent in the case of men. Less than 6 percent of them are engaged in personal and community services, 2 percent are found in commerce and 1 percent in manufacturing.The employment of women in sectors like electricity, gas and water, construction, transport and communication fina nce and business services is extremely low or negligible (table No. 3). Economically Active Population (10 years and above) by Major Industry and sex 1991 (in percent) Table 1: Occupational Structure of Women and Men (1991) |Occupation |Male |Female Total |Female as % of |Total | |Professional technical Workers |2. 5 |0. 7 |1. 8 |15. | |Administrative Workers |0. 4 |0. 1 |0. 3 |9. 3 | |Clerical Workers |1. 6 |0. 3 |1. 1 |10. 0 | |Sales Workers |3. 9 |1. 7 |3. 0 |22. 6 | |Service Workers |7. 8 |3. 8 |6. 2 |25. 1 | |Farm/Fish Workers |74. |90. 4 |81. 0 |45. 1 | |Production Labour Workers |5. 8 |2. 0 |4. 2 |18. 8 | |Others |3. 0 |0. 8 |2. 1 |15. 8 | |Not Stated |0. 3 |0. 2 |0. 3 |35. 9 | |Total |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 |40. | Source: Population Census 1991 Table 2: Women in the Labour force 1991 |Describe |Male |Female |Total | |I. Population(in ‘000) |9221 |9270 |18491 | |2. Labour force |6445 |6554 |12999 | |(Population aged 10 years and above in ‘000) | | | | |3.Labour f orces% of total people |69. 9 |70. 7 |70. 3 | |4. Economically active population |4428 |2982 |7410 | |(Aged 10 years & above in ‘000) | | | | |5. Labour force participation rate |68. 7 |45. 5 |57. 0 | |(4 as% of2) | | | | |6.Economically inactive population |2017 |3572 |5589 | |(aged 10 years and above'000) | | | | |7. 6as%of 2 |31. 3 |54. 5 |43 | Source : Population Census 1991 Table 3:Economically active population (10 years and above) by major industries and sex, 1991(in percent) Industry |Male |Female Total |Female as % of |Total | |Agriculture |74. 9 |90. 5 |81. 2 |45. 0 | |Manufacturing |2. 6 |1. 2 |2. 0 |11. 9 | |Construction |0. 7 |0. 1 |0. 5 |10. 9 | |Commerce |4. 5 |2. 0 |3. |23. 7 | |Transport and communication |1. 1 |0. 1 |0. 7 |3. 9 | |Finance and business services |0. 4 |0. 1 |0. 3 |13. 4 | |Personal & community services |13. 6 |5. 3 |10. 2 |21. 0 | |Others |0. 6 |0. 1 |0. 4. |6. 7 | |Industry not stated |1. |1. 6 |1. 0 |23. 2 | |Total |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 |40. 4 | Source : Population Census 1991 Women are facing problems created by government new economic policy of privatization and liberalization. The policy of privatization and liberalization is yet to show its full impact in Nepalese economy. Even then we expect to encounter the following problems in the field of women workers and employment in the days to come. 1. The employer may prefer men to women or unmarried to married one 2.Difference in salary of men and women may persist 3. Government may not be responsible for capacity building program for women 4. The dignity of women workers might erode as they will be treated as commodity by their employers. 5. Prostitution, sex tourism and sexual harassment will grow together with success of privatization and liberalization 6. Women will have to be restricted to low skilled and low paid jobs. The new policy will reduce the opportunities for formal education and vocational training for upgrading the skills, with a result that women d o not qualify for promotions, job up gradation and higher wage.Education and Nepalese Women For a long time, education was a privilege for a few in Nepal. The first government school for girls opened in 1948 a year after the Civil Rights Movement. It was only in 1951 that education was gradually prompted throughout the country. The literacy rate in the country is 40 percent. Literacy rate among women is only 25 percent. In the schools the dropout and irregularity of girls are higher compared to that of boys. Progress in the promotion of girls education has been made as a result of international women's year and the international women's decade. Several measures have been taken to augment girls education.Female teachers were appointed in each school. Nevertheless, education is yet to be effective in empowering women in Nepal. Education in Nepal is not yet linked with the lives of the people. Equality and empowerment of women is simply a lip-service. Government Policy and Women's Adva ncement There has been some changes in the interests and attitudes of the policy planners after the change in the political system. However, the changes are not satisfactory and are still sectoral. A new ministry looking after women issues has been created. The ministry is to coordinate and further the policies and programs related to the women.Women constitute half of the population in Nepal. Unless they participate fully in the nation building task, economic development of the country will not be possible. Taking this reality into account sectoral strategy and working policy were outlined in the eighth plan (1992-97), the first plan of fully democratic. The strategies to be followed as outlined in the plan are; †¢ Encouraging women's participation in traditional as well as non traditional sectors †¢ Extending access to be formal and non-formal education to women †¢ Adopting affirmative action in training program Increasing women's access to health facilities especia lly FP/MCH facilities †¢ Increasing women's access to credit, technical knowledge, entrepreneurship development programs, marketing facilities and employment opportunities †¢ Extending to rural areas those kinds of technological changes which reduce the time spend in gathering an fetching fuel fodder, water and household work †¢ Revising laws discriminatory to women Though the government of Nepal started a policy on Women In Development (WID) since sixth five year plan (1980-85). The policy aimed to promote the status of women by recognizing women as development agent.The plans stressed on technical and non technical fields of training for women. The Women Training Centre was formed under the Ministry of Local Development (MOLD) for skill development of rural women. Of course there has been some changes in the interests and attitudes among politicians and policy makers. However the change is not overall satisfactory and still is sectoral. Women should be recognized as partner and not as subordinate to men. No doubt, the newly formed Ministry of Women and Social Welfare should take up a leading role in asserting this concept. Girls trafficking and prostitution as major Social Problems of Women in NepalIn Nepal girls trafficking and prostitution problem are becoming similar to that of problems in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Over 200,000 Nepali girls/women are reported to be indulged into prostitution in India. It is said that between 5000 to 7000 young girls are trafficked to India annually; of which one-third are trafficked forcefully. According to the Indian Health Organization (IHO) 100,000 Nepali girls/women are working as prostitutes in Calcutta, Mumbai and New Delhi alone. IHO estimates that of the 15,000 prostitutes working in the state of Utter Pradesh, 12,000 are Nepali girls and women.The Girls, sold against their will, are subjected to severe mental and physical torture. Most of the girls and women engaged in prosti tution are usually from broken families while others come from poor families. Many innocent teenage girls are abducted or lured from their homes in the countryside and are forced into the job. They are either lured or deceived on fake promises and sold to the brothel houses in Indian cities by the middlemen. As such the Nepali girls/women are found serving as prostitutes in almost every city and towns of India and the practice is, unfortunately increasing.Intra-regional and Inter-regional trafficking has also increased rapidly as more and more people migrate to the cities. There are more than 5000 girls/women from surrounding countryside working as prostitutes in Kathmandu and it is said that there are more than 200 brothels in Kathmandu city alone. Similarly, major market centres work as transit centres for ultimate trafficking into India. The East-west Highway is a fertile ground for prostitution which is being called commonly as highway prostitution.Some reports and investigation s have revealed that large number of girls/women have been trafficked via carpet and garment factories. Many who fall victim are those destitute and helpless women who are neglected, abused and abandoned by their husbands and relatives. Many women belonging to lower castes are also made to be the victims. No doubt the trafficking of girls/women to the urban areas of Nepal and to the brothels of foreign countries tell us a story of fraud exploitation, domination as well as despair frustration and poverty.We need to look beyond the facade of economic problems and try to come with the possible reasons within a larger cultural, historical and socio-political framework. While the subjects of sex remains taboo in Nepalese society, prostitution has gained a big momentum. It is no longer limited to the traditional red light areas of Salyan, Pyuthan and Dang districts where the women of the â€Å"Badi† community adopt prostitution as profession. They adopt prostitution as a social pra ctice. Under the â€Å"Deuki† system the girls are surrendered to temples by people by the way of religious gift or â€Å"Bhakal†.The Deukies are not expected to marry and thus, they adopt prostitution as a means of livelihood when they grow up. The Deuki system has been operating under the guise of religious and cultural beliefs. The cultural practice of Deuki system and Badi community have given way to socially recognized prostitution in Nepal. In Nepal as banning of prostitution remains a matter of dispute, there can be no question on the urgent need to address the issue that force girls and women into the flesh trade.The immediate risk groups like the poor and ignorant girls in the countryside, girls children working in the carpet and garment factories and the children on the streets should be made the immediate target for protection activities. All the government and non government organizations and the conscious citizens need to act actively to abolish the practi ce of flesh trade. Everybody should realize the gravity of the problem which is posing a big threat to a very fabric of Nepalese society. Everyone should work to contribute for he prevention and control of prostitution and girls trafficking.Well coordinated efforts need to be made in creating the congenial environment to discourage the sexual exploitation of women. There should be an effective implementation of laws relating to trafficking of girls. Income and employment generating programs such as knitting, sewing, weaving, bamboo work, sericulture etc. are necessary so that economic status of women in the countryside, the fertile ground for the traffickers is bettered. The profession of flesh trade can not be checked with the legal measures alone.Alternative means for survival are necessary. Both income generating activities as well as programs generating awareness are equally important in this respect. Despite all the existing laws, the enforcement and the threat of AIDS, girls/w omen trafficking and prostitution still remain a growing problem in Nepal. Nevertheless, it is a matter of great satisfaction that since the last few years some of the NGO and INGOs have started taking keen interests on the issue of women trafficking and practice of forced prostitution in Nepal.Similarly, the international and United Nations agencies have also started creating an awareness against girls trafficking and immoral prostitution practices. In the western and far western part of Nepal there is residue of slavery system called Karnaiya. The bonded labourers do not receive their full labour cost. They have to work free of charge for 15-18 hours/day The system is spread in 5 district of Kailali, Kanchanpur, Banke, Dang and Bardiya. In all these districts there is approximately 50 thousands Kamaiya. Generally women from Kamaiya family are required to work free for the landlord.Women under Kamaiya system are more exploited even than the Kamaiyas themselves. Physical and sexual abuse are common among Kamaiya women. Global context of and its effect to Nepali Women In the present context globalization has inflicted its worse effect all over the world. Globalization is generally used t0 designate an aggregate of policy measures which seek to expand market relations on world level and to enlarge the scope for the free movement of capital internationally. Some of the key components of globalizations are trade liberalization i. e. reakdown of tariff barriers, privatization of formerly public sector companies and the reduction of state intervention and the promotion of export oriented production for instance pf cash crops agriculture. In the countries of the south , such policies are generally imposed by WB. IMF , in the name of structural adjustment. while the ideology of globalization states that such polities serve to promote human welfare an increasingly large body of literature migration from rural areas and to a shift from secure to insecure forms of employ ment and production.Under structural adjustment programmes, government world wide have been compelled to sell of public sector companies to the private sector, and such transfers to the private sector have frequently been accompanied but massive dismissals and the flexibilization of labour relations under structural adjustment and liberalization, workers loose various forms of minimal security previously provided by the state or state owned companies. The declarations and programs of action adopted at the four global women's conferences held since 1975 have added important dimensions on the empowerment of women.The second global conference in Copenhagen in 1980 and the third one in Nairobi in 1985 contributed to the adoption of the advancement of women by the year 2000. Now the UN is working on the fourth phase of progress of women. All the four conferences have the message that no progress is possible without a full and equal participation of men and women. Although in many countri es women remain most deprived, discriminated and powerless in most societies.With this global context we should raise some pertinent points regarding Nepalese women's movement which will give the picture of Nepalese women, their social, cultural, economic and political status who are the threshold for the 21st century. Conclusion From the mid 1980s women's movement in Nepal can be characterized in three distinct features. Firstly, women's movement was all activism. The role of academia was insignificant. But now there has been forging links between these two in a variety of ways in different fora, conferences, conventions, and demonstrations.A strong belief among many groups has emerged that the struggle against gender inequalities can not be waged in isolation from struggle in many other fronts. Thirdly, the women's movement is not secluded within the country and is increasingly interconnected with the international women's movement. The four international conferences on women have been successful in bringing women's all over the world in common platform of action (Country Report on International Women's Conference, 1-5 August 1997, Malmo, Sweden; prepared by Sujita Shakya & Umesh Upadhyaya)

Ends, Ways and Means of Us Policy Towards North Korea Essay

â€Å"Ends are defined as the strategic outcomes or the end states desired. Ways are defined as the methods, tactics and procedures, practices, and strategies to achieve the ends. Means are defined as the resources required to achieve the ends, such as troops, weapons systems, money, political will and time. † MG Dennis J. Laich, USAR, Retired President Obama stated in the 2010 National Security Strategy that his administration â€Å"has no greater responsibility than the safety and security of the American people† (Obama, 2010, 4). In order to successfully safeguard and secure America, the administration must have clear foreign policy delineating how it will deal with the various states across the globe that pose potential threats to America. One of these is North Korea. The US policy ends this essay will focus on are denuclearization and the improvement of North Korea’s human rights record. The Obama Administration inherited a difficult situation with regard to North Korea’s continued attempts to advance its nuclear weapons program. The ends of US policy regarding North Korea’s nuclear weapons program is successful denuclearization of the Korean peninsula (Obama, 2010, 23). President Obama stated in his 2010 National Security Strategy, â€Å"if they [North Korea] ignore their international obligations, we will pursue multiple means to increase their isolation and bring them into compliance† (Ibid, 24). During his first term, President Obama chose to continue the Bush Administration’s policy of direct, bilateral diplomacy in effort to reduce North Korea’s nuclear threat (Klingner, 2009, 1). This effort included enforcement of existing sanctions, expansion of the Proliferation Security Initiative and demanding North Korean compliance with U. N. Security Council resolutions regarding the dissolution of Pyongyang’s nuclear program (Ibid). The US continues to use U. N. sanctions and diplomatic effort to reduce the nuclear threat North Korea presents. However, US policy does not focus solely on the denuclearization of North Korea. It also addresses other issues North Korea brings to the international stage such as human rights violations posed on the international front as well. Non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is usually considered the main focus of US policy towards North Korea; however, issues such as North Korea’s illicit activities and human rights violations are also of concern (Chanlett-Avery, 2011). The strategy of the Obama Administration is to influence North Korea to improve its human rights record through international pressure and direct support via the North Korean Human Rights Act (Ibid, 13). The North Korean Human Rights Act (NKHRA) authorizes funds to support human rights efforts in North Korea and improve the flow of information to and from the country. It also requires the President to appoint a Special Envoy on human rights in North Korea. Additionally, it allows for North Koreans to apply for asylum in the United States (Ibid, 14). As of 2011, relatively few North Korean refugees live in the US, but the program continues to â€Å"facilitate the unhindered dissemination of information in North Korea† through Korean language radio broadcasts funded through the NKHRA’s $2M annual budget (Ibid). The ways and means of US policy towards North Korea require dedication, diligence and comprehensive confrontation using a combination of all instruments of national power (Ibid, 9). Nuclear proliferation may be the main issue between the US and North Korea, but it is not the only one. The US is also engaged with North Korea in effort to improve Pyongyang’s human rights record and improve the way the North Korean government treats its populace. US policy toward North Korea has proven to be similar to dealing with an obstinate, attention seeking child and will require patience and willingness to use all instruments of power should there be no other alternative.